Objective: Review the literature on excessive crying in young infants, also known as infantile colic, and its effects on family dynamics, its pathophysiology, and new treatment interventions. Data source: The literature review was carried out in the Medline, PsycINFO, LILACS, SciELO, and Cochrane Library databases, using the terms ''excessive crying,'' and ''infantile colic,'' as well technical books and technical reports on child development, selecting the most relevant articles on the subject, with emphasis on recent literature published in the last five years. Summary of the findings: Excessive crying is a common symptom in the first 3 months of life and leads to approximately 20% of pediatric consultations. Different prevalence rates of excessive crying have been reported, ranging from 14% to approximately 30% in infants up to 3 months of age. There is evidence linking excessive crying early in life with adaptive problems in the preschool period, as well as with early weaning, maternal anxiety and depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other behavioral problems. Several pathophysio-logical mechanisms can explain these symptoms, such as circadian rhythm alterations, central nervous system immaturity, and alterations in the intestinal microbiota. Several treatment alternatives have been described, including behavioral measures, manipulation techniques, use of medication, and acupuncture, with controversial results and effectiveness. Conclusion: Excessive crying in the early months is a prevalent symptom; the pediatrician's attention is necessary to understand and adequately manage the problem and offer support to exhausted parents. The prescription of drugs of questionable action and with potential side effects is not a recommended treatment, except in extreme situations. The effectiveness of dietary treatments and use of probiotics still require confirmation. There is incomplete evidence regarding alternative treatments such as manipulation techniques, acupuncture, and use of the herbal supplements and behavioral interventions. Choro excessivo; Lactente; Ritmo circadiano; Cólicas do lactente Choro excessivo do lactente Resumo Objetivo: Revisar a literatura sobre choro excessivo em bebês pequenos, cólicas infantis, e suas repercussões na família e a fisiopatologia e estratégias de tratamentos. Fonte dos dados: Revisadas as principais bases de dados, Medline, PsycINFO, LILACS e SciELO e Cochrane Library utilizando ''choro excessivo do lactente'' e ''cólicas do lactente''. Foram selecionadas as publicações mais relevantes com ênfase nos últimos cinco anos. Síntese dos dados: É um sintoma comum nos primeiros meses de vida e é motivo de cerca de 20% das consultas pediátricas. As prevalências de choro excessivo variam de 14 a 30% nestes lactentes. Existem evidências ligando o choro excessivo nos primeiros meses de vida com prob-lemas futuros bem como ao desmame precoce, ansiedade, depressão materna, TDAH e outros problemas comportamentais. Distintos mecanismos fisiopatológicos podem explicar esse...
The evaluation of this surveillance tool resulted in objective and comparable data, which were adequate for a screening test. It is easily applicable as a screening tool, even though it was originally designed as a surveillance tool. The inclusion of risk factors to the scoring system is an innovation that allows for the identification of children with suspected delay in addition to developmental milestones, although the definition of parameters and choice of indicators should be thoroughly studied.
<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> In the last decades, different studies have investigated the effects of exercise or physical activity (PA) on cognitive functions and academic performance in children and adolescents. But given the inconsistencies regarding methodologies and the fact that many studies do not have controlled or randomized designs, a more recent review is needed in order to summarize the different outcomes and methodologies employed and correlate them from an applied perspective. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The purpose of the present review is to systematically review and analyze the effects of acute and chronic PA interventions exclusively from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on cognitive functions and academic performance of children and adolescents. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases for all RCTs published between January 2014 and July 2020. Authors searched these databases using controlled vocabularies, keywords, and Boolean logic, and data were later extracted from the studies. Effect sizes were calculated based on means and SDs at posttest using Hedge’s <i>g</i> formula. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 20 studies met the inclusion criteria. They were assessed for eligibility and later included in the review. Although most of the articles did not show any robust effect size and had significant methodological differences, 80% of the studies analyzed showed positive results, indicating a significant impact of exercise or PA on cognition. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> Due to the heterogeneity in the design of the interventions and the variables analyzed, most of the studies showed small or medium effect sizes. Studies with big effect size in all variables had in common the fact that they involved team game variations and coordination activities. The combination of physical exertion (high intensity) and cognitive engagement with social interactions seems to have the strongest effect on executive functions. This ecological and attractive model reflects children’s typical PA and might represent an ideal model for exercise in this population. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Although grouping different studies based on PA type, control groups, and comparison treatments is a limitation and results should be interpreted with caution, this review suggests that PA interventions, in particular, team game variations and coordination activities, have positive effects on children’s cognitive functions.
is more efficient than moderate continuous training for management of body composition, lipid profile and glucose metabolism in the diabetic elderly.
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