Dementia causes a significant decrease in survival, and the diagnosis of dementia is rarely reported on death certificates in Brazil.

Desempenho de uma população brasileira no teste de alfabetização funcional para adultos na área de saúde ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE:To analyze the scoring obtained by an instrument, which evaluates the ability to read and understand items in the health care setting, according to education and age. METHODS:The short version of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults was administered to 312 healthy participants of different ages and years of schooling. The study was conducted between 2006 and 2007, in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. The test includes actual materials such as pill bottles and appointment slips and measures reading comprehension, assessing the ability to read and correctly pronounce a list of words and understand both prose passages and numerical information. Pearson partial correlations and a multiple regression model were used to verify the association between its scores and education and age. RESULTS:The mean age of the sample was 47.3 years (SD=16.8) and the mean education was 9.7 years (SD=5; range: 1 -17). A total of 32.4% of the sample showed literacy/numeracy defi cits, scoring in the inadequate and marginal functional health literacy ranges. Among the elderly (65 years or older) this rate increased to 51.6%. There was a positive correlation between schooling and scores (r=0.74; p<0.01) and a negative correlation between age and the scores (r=-0.259; p<0.01). The correlation between the scores and age was not signifi cant when the effects of education were held constant (rp=-0.031, p=0.584). A signifi cant association (B=3.877, Beta=0.733; p<0.001) was found between schooling and scores. Age was not a signifi cant predictor in this model p=0.584). CONCLUSIONS:The short version of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults was a suitable tool to assess health literacy in the study population. The high number of individuals classifi ed as functional illiterates in this test highlights the importance of special assistance to help them properly understand directions for healthcare.

Orofacial pain and periodontal infections were more frequent in patients with mild AD than in healthy subjects. Orofacial pain screening and dental and oral exams should be routinely performed in AD patients in order to identify pathological conditions that need treatment thus improving quality of life compromised due to dementia.

RESUMO -As heterogeneidades educacional e cultural da população brasileira condicionam características p e c u l i a res ao diagnóstico da doença de Alzheimer (DA) no Brasil. Este consenso teve o objetivo de recomendar condutas baseadas em evidências para este diagnóstico. Foram avaliados sistematicamente artigos sobre o diagnóstico de DA no Brasil disponíveis no PUBMED ou LILACS. Para a avaliação cognitiva global recomendou-se o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental; avaliação da memória: re c o rdação tardia do CERAD ou de objetos apresentados como figuras; atenção: teste de trilhas ou extensão de dígitos; linguagem: testes de nomeação de Boston, do ADAS-Cog ou do NEUROPSI; funções executivas: fluência verbal ou desenho do relógio; conceituação e abstração: semelhanças do CAMDEX ou do NEUROPSI; habilidades construtivas: desenhos do CERAD. Para avaliação funcional recomendou-se o IQCODE , o questionário de P f e ffer ou a escala Bayer de atividades da vida diária. Recomendou-se a utilização combinada de instru m e n t o s de avaliação cognitiva e de escalas de avaliação funcional. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: consenso, diretrizes, normas, diagnóstico, doença de Alzheimer, demência, Brasil.Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in Brazil: cognitive and functional evaluation. Recommendations of the Scientifc Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology ABSTRACT -The educational and cultural heterogeneity of the Brazilian population leads to peculiar characteristics re g a rding the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This consensus had the objective of recommending evidence-based guidelines for the clinical diagnosis of AD in Brazil. Studies on the diagnosis of AD published in Brazil were systematically evaluated in a thorough re s e a rch of PUBMED and LILACS databases. For global cognitive evaluation, the Mini-Mental State Examination was recommended; for m e m o ry evaluation: delayed recall subtest of CERAD or of objects presented as drawings; attention: trailmaking or digit-span; language: Boston naming, naming test from ADAS-Cog or NEUROPSI; executive functions: verbal fluency or clock-drawing; conceptualization and abstraction: similarities from CAMDEX or NEUROPSI; construction: drawings from CERAD. For functional evaluation, IQCODE, or Pfeff e r Q u e s t i o n n a i reor Bayer Scale for Activities of Daily Living was recommended. The panel concluded that the combined use of cognitive and functional evaluation based on interview with informant is re c o m m e n d e d .

There is not a specific test to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its diagnosis should be based upon clinical history, neuropsychological and laboratory tests, neuroimaging and electroencephalography (EEG). Therefore, new approaches are necessary to enable earlier and more accurate diagnosis and to follow treatment results. In this study we used a Machine Learning (ML) technique, named Support Vector Machine (SVM), to search patterns in EEG epochs to differentiate AD patients from controls. As a result, we developed a quantitative EEG (qEEG) processing method for automatic differentiation of patients with AD from normal individuals, as a complement to the diagnosis of probable dementia. We studied EEGs from 19 normal subjects (14 females/5 males, mean age 71.6 years) and 16 probable mild to moderate symptoms AD patients (14 females/2 males, mean age 73.4 years. The results obtained from analysis of EEG epochs were accuracy 79.9% and sensitivity 83.2%. The analysis considering the diagnosis of each individual patient reached 87.0% accuracy and 91.7% sensitivity.

The relationship between soccer and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is not well established. Clinicopathological correlation in an 83-year-old retired center-back soccer player, with no history of concussion, manifesting typical Alzheimer-type dementia. Examination revealed mixed pathology including widespread CTE, moderate Alzheimer’s disease, hippocampal sclerosis, and TDP-43 proteinopathy. This case adds to a few CTE cases described in soccer players. Furthermore, it corroborates that CTE may present clinically as typical Alzheimer-type dementia. Further studies investigating the extent to which soccer is a risk for CTE are needed.

Changes in electroencephalography (EEG) amplitude modulations have recently been linked with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Existing tools available to perform such analysis (e.g., detrended fluctuation analysis), however, provide limited gains in discriminability power over traditional spectral based EEG analysis. In this paper, we explore the use of an innovative EEG amplitude modulation analysis technique based on spectro-temporal signal processing. More specifically, full-band EEG signals are first decomposed into the five well-known frequency bands and the envelopes are then extracted via a Hilbert transform. Each of the five envelopes are further decomposed into four so-called modulation bands, which were chosen to coincide with the delta, theta, alpha and beta frequency bands. Experiments on a resting-awake EEG dataset collected from 76 participants (27 healthy controls, 27 diagnosed with mild-AD, and 22 with moderate-AD) showed significant differences in amplitude modulations between the three groups. Most notably, i) delta modulation of the beta frequency band disappeared with an increase in disease severity (from mild to moderate AD), ii) delta modulation of the theta band appeared with an increase in severity, and iii) delta modulation of the beta frequency band showed to be a reliable discriminant feature between healthy controls and mild-AD patients. Taken together, it is hoped that the developed tool can be used to assist clinicians not only with early detection of Alzheimer’s disease, but also to monitor its progression.

Some patients are no longer able to communicate effectively or even interact with the outside world in ways that most of us take for granted. In the most severe cases, tetraplegic or post-stroke patients are literally 'locked in' their bodies, unable to exert any motor control after, for example, a spinal cord injury or a brainstem stroke, requiring alternative methods of communication and control. But we suggest that, in the near future, their brains may offer them a way out. Non-invasive electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI) can be characterized by the technique used to measure brain activity and by the way that different brain signals are translated into commands that control an effector (e.g., SYNOPSIScontrolling a computer cursor for word processing and accessing the internet). This review focuses on the basic concepts of EEGbased BCI, the main advances in communication, motor control restoration and the downregulation of cortical activity, and the mirror neuron system (MNS) in the context of BCI. The latter appears to be relevant for clinical applications in the coming years, particularly for severely limited patients. Hypothetically, MNS could provide a robust way to map neural activity to behavior, representing the high-level information about goals and intentions of these patients. Non-invasive EEG-based BCIs allow brain-derived communication in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and motor control restoration in patients after spinal cord injury and stroke. Epilepsy and attention deficit and hyperactive disorder patients were able to downregulate their cortical activity. Given the rapid progression of EEG-based BCI research over the last few years and the swift ascent of computer processing speeds and signal analysis techniques, we suggest that emerging ideas (e.g., MNS in the context of BCI) related to clinical neurorehabilitation of severely limited patients will generate viable clinical applications in the near future. VOLUME 21, NO. 6,2010 451 Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated Download Date | 6/7/15 7:42 AM 452 S. MACHADO ET AL. KEY WORDSAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, attention deficit and hyperactive disorder, EEG-based braincomputer interface, epilepsy, mirror neurons system, sensorimotor integration, spinal cord, stroke