This study describes the cross-cultural adaptation to Portuguese and the psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale developed by Wagnild & Young. The scale was adapted for a sample of students from public schools in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data from the pilot study (203 students interviewed at two points in time) and from the entire study (977) are presented. The cross-cultural adaptation showed good results in the semantic equivalence for: general meaning (above 90.0%) and referential meaning (above 85.0%). Chronbach alpha was 0.85 in the pilot study and 0.80 in the total sample. Kappa between the two points in time was regular and moderate, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.746 (p = 0.000). Factorial analysis indicated three non-homogeneous factors. Construct validity demonstrated direct and significant correlation with self-esteem, family supervision, life satisfaction, and social support. There was an inverse correlation with the scale that evaluates psychological violence.
O artigo analisa a relação da resiliência com eventos de vida desfavoráveis e fatores de proteção. A amostra do estudo foi de 997 adolescentes escolares da rede pública de ensino de São Gonçalo/RJ. Como medida de resiliência utilizou-se a Escala de Resiliência desenvolvida por Wagnild e Young (1993). Para medir eventos de vida foram utilizadas escalas de violência física (Straus, 1979) e psicológica (Pitzner & Drummond, 1997), itens de violência na escola e na localidade, violência entre irmãos e entre pais, e violência sexual entre outros. Como fatores de proteção utilizou-se: Escala de Apoio Social de Shebourne e Stewart (conforme citado por Chor, Grip, Lopes & Farstein, 2001), Escala de Auto-Estima (Rosemberg, 1989), itens abordando supervisão familiar, relacionamento com amigos e professores. Os eventos de vida negativos não apresentaram relação com a resiliência, enquanto os fatores de proteção mostraram-se todos correlacionados com o constructo.
O artigo tem como objetivo apresentar o quadro de violência doméstica, sexual e outras violências perpetradas contra crianças (0-9 anos) no Brasil no ano de 2010, baseando-se nas notificações de violência doméstica, sexual e outras violências registradas no SINAN - Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (VIVA Contínuo). São apresentados os números absolutos e relativos derivados das notificações sobre violências, discriminando-se entre crianças menores de 1 ano e aquelas entre 1-9 anos, devido às especificidades existentes nessas faixas etárias. Em todo o país, o número de notificações entre menores de 10 anos é baixo (16,9%). Foram constatadas diferenças quanto à distribuição das notificações por unidade da federação. Observou-se que poucos municípios notificaram violências ao SINAN-Net no ano de 2010 no país. Algumas diferenças foram encontradas entre notificações em menores de 1 ano de idade e notificações de crianças entre 1-9 anos de idade, como por exemplo em relação ao perfil da violência, da vítima e do agressor, e o encaminhamento do caso. A qualidade da informação das notificações é discutida mostrando nível elevado de ausência de registros em alguns campos da ficha. Falhas na informação podem prejudicar o conhecimento mais detalhado do fenômeno, interferindo nas ações de planejamento, organização e operacionalização dos serviços de saúde no país.
Situação de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros em relação à saúde mental e à violênciaThe situation of Brazilian children and adolescents with regard to mental health and violence
O objetivo do artigo foi investigar os problemas de saúde mental de adolescentes escolares e identificar alguns aspectos individuais, sociais e familiares associados ao seu desenvolvimento. Baseia-se num inquérito epidemiológico com 1.923 alunos de 7ª/8ª séries e de 1º/2º anos de escolas públicas e privadas do município de São Gonçalo, RJ. Para aferir os transtornos psiquiátricos menores utilizou-se a escala Self-Reported Questionnarie. Foram avaliadas questões relativas aos aspectos individuais, familiares e sociais. Utilizou-se a Regressão Logística Simples, tendo a razão de chances como medida para interpretação dos resultados. Constatou-se que violência psicológica, eventos difíceis do relacionamento familiar, auto-estima, satisfação com a vida, sexo e competência na escola se mantiveram no modelo final, indicando seu potencial em comprometer a saúde mental. A apresentação dos dados pode subsidiar o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para o atendimento do adolescente, especialmente em termos preventivo e de promoção à saúde na área de saúde mental.
OBJECTIVE To describe the process of cross-cultural adaptation of the General Functioning Scale of the Family, a subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device, for the Brazilian population.METHODS The General Functioning Scale of the Family was translated into Portuguese and administered to 500 guardians of children in the second grade of elementary school in public schools of Sao Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. The types of equivalences investigated were: conceptual and of items, semantic, operational, and measurement. The study involved discussions with experts, translations and back-translations of the instrument, and psychometric assessment. Reliability and validity studies were carried out by internal consistency testing (Cronbach’s alpha), Guttman split-half correlation model, Pearson correlation coefficient, and confirmatory factor analysis. Associations between General Functioning of the Family and variables theoretically associated with the theme (father’s or mother’s drunkenness and violence between parents) were estimated by odds ratio.RESULTS Semantic equivalence was between 90.0% and 100%. Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.79 to 0.81, indicating good internal consistency of the instrument. Pearson correlation coefficient ranged between 0.303 and 0.549. Statistical association was found between the general functioning of the family score and the theoretically related variables, as well as good fit quality of the confirmatory analysis model.CONCLUSIONS The results indicate the feasibility of administering the instrument to the Brazilian population, as it is easy to understand and a good measurement of the construct of interest.
This article aims to evaluate the effects of Brazil's recent economic growth on the monetary income, consumption patterns, and risk exposures of families with children enrolled in the public elementary school system in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The article analyzes the following information on families of 447 children that participated in two waves in a longitudinal study: social stratum, per capita family income, evolution in income over a three-year period, and psychosocial factors. The findings showed a 74.8% increase in the families' income, accompanied by an increase in the consumption of material assets and access to health services. This increase should not be interpreted as a guarantee of improved living and health conditions, since it was spent on basic products and needs that do not substantially affect the families' form of social inclusion. Psychosocial risk factors were frequent among the families, but decreased during the study period, which may either reflect the improved family situation or result from the later stage in child development.
Objective -To analyze if the presence of internalizing and externalizing behavior over the years are associated to the occurrence of family and social violence among schoolchildren in a Brazilian municipality. Subjects -A sample of 295 children from public schools was followed longitudinally in three waves (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008), assessing the emotional and behavioral problems (CBCL) and the presence of different forms of violence. Methods -Two linear regression models were conducted taking into account the longitudinal dependence. Results -The final model for externalizing problems identified that boys are more affected and that physical violence between grandparents, between parents and between siblings, parental verbal aggression against the child and school violence are related to an increase in symptomatology throughout the period studied. The model of internalizing behavior encountered the following variables as being significant: verbal aggression of parents towards the child, sibling physical aggression and violence at school. Conclusion -The results indicate the need for preventive proposals focusing on the family and violence at school, thereby reducing emotional and behavioral problems that seriously affect child development.
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