The study was carried out to examine the impact of training conducted by Micro- Finance and Technical Support (MFTS) project under Palli Karma Shohayak Foundation (PKSF) for transferring livestock technologies and improving livelihoods of the rural poor in Bangladesh. A total of 632 households were surveyed during April to September 2006 following a multistage stratified random sampling. Evidence showed that both project and non-project beneficiaries were under the primary level of education and their family size was slightly higher (5.3) than the national average. The family members mostly belonged in the working age group (>15 years) indicated a positive feature of engaging in different income generating activities (IGAs). It is evident that the rate and amount of loan was higher with the respondent received training than without training. The rate of adoption of technologies was higher than the level of idea on the concept of housing, feeding, treatment, breeding and marketing. The training beneficiaries improved knowledge on feeding, management and health care of livestock and poultry. Training and demonstration are suggested two strong tools for adoption and dissemination of livestock technology. The herd and flock size increased to the project beneficiaries than non-project beneficiaries. Beneficiaries having training on various IGAs have increased their land area and asset possession to a greater extent in compare to non-project beneficiaries. The housing and sanitation condition of the training beneficiaries was found higher than non-project beneficiaries. The annual income of the training and non-training households increased to 31.22% and 18.20% respectively where the income from different IGAs of livestock was 56.04% and 68.20%. Livestock IGAs were not necessarily price sensitive but more sensitive on nonprice factors such as institutional support, input quality and availability of input. The training thus contributed transferring livestock technologies which ultimately influenced in improving livelihood of the project beneficiaries than the non-project beneficiaries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v37i2.9888 BJAS 2008; 37(2): 106-115

<em>Garlic is one of the main staples contributing to the biggest inflation in Indonesia because domestic prices tend to increase. On the other hand, imports of Indonesian garlic have an increasing trend even during the Covid-19 pandemic. This will certainly affect the supply of garlic farmers. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of garlic farmers to changes in domestic and import prices during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study was used secondary data in the form of annual time series data with a period of 30 series, from 1990 to 2020. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the supply response of garlic farmers in Indonesia by using Error Correction Model (ECM). The results showed that the Covid-19 pandemic caused garlic farmers to be very responsive to domestic prices, but not responsive to import prices. Therefore, high prices are also an incentive for farmers to increase their income of garlic farmers.</em>

High price fluctuations in onions can cause prices at the consumer level to change in a relatively quick time. However, the price change is not necessarily enjoyed by most of the onion farmers. This implies a high marketing margin and low farmer prices. This study aims to analyze the integration of onion consumer market with onion producer market in Indonesia by using VECM (Vector Error Correction Model). Monthly onion price data with 48 time series period is used to analyze the onion market integration. The results show that only the consumer market that affects the market of onion producers (one way). There are short-term and long-term market integration between the consumer market and the onion producers. However, changes that occur in the consumer market are not always accepted by the onion producers of the same scale. This shows that the price information of onion in the producer's market is not always transmitted perfectly to the onion producer market.

Normatively, price changes that occur in the consumer market will be passed on to the producer's market. The price change is not necessarily enjoyed by beef cattle farmers in Indonesia. The purpose of this research was to examine whether there is a vertical market integration of beef among consumer and producer market in Indonesia. The examination of this issue was done through the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The data used in this study were secondary. This study used monthly price data of beef (Rp/kg) in Indonesia, consisting of 96 observations from January 2011 to December 2018. This study reveals that there is a long-term relationship among the consumer market and producer market in Indonesia. The short-run was also found that vertical beef market integration in Indonesia is only one direction, from consumers to producers. This finding represents that the beef market is vertically integrated, but the integration is not perfect. Imperfect integration of beef marketing in Indonesia signifies that the beef market in Indonesia is inefficient both in the short and long term. This study recommends the government formulate policies that provide infrastructure to avoid market exploitation and asymmetry information from the consumer market to the producer market. Besides, the government needs a price brand policy, where the government sets a reasonable price disparity between prices at the farm level and prices at the consumer level.

Globalization and unfair trade including that of sugar will affect Indonesia's sugar industry. Implementation of ASEAN-Cina Free Trade Agreement will reduce and eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers. Currently, domestic sugar production does not meet the high demand for sugar. This study aims to forecast the impact of economic policy in agricultural sector on the performance of Indonesian's sugar trade for the periods of 2015-2020. Indonesian Sugar Trade Model was constructed as a simultaneous equations system and estimated using a 2SLS method with a SYSLIN procedure. The forecast simulation used a NEWTON method with a SIMNLIN procedure. Elimination of import tariff will increase consumer's surplus higher than producer's surplus decrease. However, the net surplus will decrease because government's tariff revenue also drops. This study suggests that in order to increase consumer's and producer's welfare (net surplus) in ASEAN-Cina Free Trade Area, some policies are to implement are sugar import tariff reduction, farm-gate sugar price enhancement, sugar cane plantation expansion, and State Logistics Agency's role improvement.Keywords : sugar, industry, ACFTA, import, tariff, producer, consumer, surplus ABSTRAKGlobalisasi dan perdagangan yang tidak fair, termasuk perdagangan gula, akan mempengaruhi pengembangan industri gula di Indonesia. Implementasi perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas ASEAN-Cina diwujudkan dengan pengurangan dan penghapusan hambatan tarif dan nontarif. Kebutuhan gula di Indonesia belum mampu dipenuhi oleh produksi gula dalam negeri. Tujuan penelitian adalah meramalkan dampak kebijakan ekonomi di sektor pertanian dan faktor eksternal terhadap kinerja perdagangan gula Indonesia pada periode 2015-2020. Model Perdagangan Gula Indonesia dibangun sebagai sistem persamaan simultan dan diestimasi menggunakan metode 2SLS dengan prosedur SYSLIN. Simulasi peramalan menggunakan metode NEWTON dengan prosedur SIMNLIN. Penghapusan tarif impor gula akan meningkatkan surplus konsumen yang lebih besar dari penurunan surplus produsen tetapi net surplus menurun karena penerimaan pemerintah dari tarif impor juga menurun. Penelitian ini menyarankan bahwa untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan produsen dan konsumen gula (net surplus) dalam era perdagangan bebas ASEAN-Cina, maka kebijakan kombinasi penurunan tarif impor, peningkatan harga gula petani, peningkatan luas areal perkebunan tebu, dan penguatan peran Bulog dapat menjadi instrumen kebijakan yang tepat.