The current study emphasizes the importance of interrelations of gender role attitudes, gender role identification, general health, and satisfaction in couple relationship with infertility-related stress. In further investigations, both social and personal aspects and their effect on experiencing infertility need to be measured in infertile people, particularly in different cultural settings.

The results show that differences may exist in affective responses to infertility between women and men and that female affective problems take effects on the level of the couple relationship. These findings may be useful in psychosocial support of the couples facing infertility, especially in couple counselling or couple therapy.

!Introduction: As gender role attitudes and the evaluation of parenthood and childlessness have subtle variations in each society, cross-country studies focusing on infertility are needed to draw a complex picture in the psychosocial context of infertility. This study investigates similarities and differences between German and Hungarian infertile couples regarding infertility specific quality of life and personal gender role attitudes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with data of 540 participants (270 couples) attending the first fertility consultation in one fertility clinic in Germany and in five fertility clinics in Hungary. Data were collected between February 2012 and March 2013. Two psychological questionnaires were applied: The FertiQoL to measure infertility specific quality of life and the PAQ to measure gender role attitudes like "instrumental" acting (as a traditional "masculine" attitude) and "expressive" communicating (as a traditional "femine" attitude) and their combinations "combined" attitude (as both "instrumental" and "expressive") and "neutral" attitude (neither "instrumental" nor "expressive"). Results: German couples seeking assisted reproduction treatment are older aged and have longer lasting relationships than Hungarian couples. Hungarian couples scored higher on all quality of life scales than did German couples. In the Hungarian group, "combined" attitudes (use of both "expressive" and "instrumental" attitudes) is associated with higher levels of quality of life compared with other gender role attitudes. In the German group, individuals with "combined" attitudes seem to show better quality of life than those in "expressive" and "neutral" clusters. Conclusions: The strategy of using combined "expressive" and "instrumental" attitudes proved to act as a buffer against infertility-related stress for both members of the couple in two European

Bevezetés: A termékenységi problémákkal küzdő páciensek kezelésében részt vevő egészségügyi szakemberek meddő-séggel kapcsolatos tudása és kliensekkel szemben tanúsított érzékenysége alapvetően fontos meghatározója a kezelés minőségének. Célkitűzés: A vizsgálat célja orvostanhallgatók, azaz a jövőbeli meddőségi kezelésben potenciálisan részt vevő, véleményvezérlő szakemberek meddőséggel kapcsolatos tudásának felmérése, és a meddőség érzelmi, illetve testi és kognitív következményeire vonatkozó elképzelések vizsgálata. Módszer: A kérdőíves vizsgálatban 112 (76 nő, 36 férfi ) orvostanhallgató vett részt önkéntes, kompenzációmentes közreműködéssel. Eredmények: Az orvostanhallgatók több területen hiányos tudással rendelkeznek a témában. A meddőséggel összefüggő testi és érzelmi tünetek jelenlétét meddő párok férfi tagjait illetően alulbecsülik a hallgatók, míg nők esetében fölülértékelnek érzelmi tüneteket, például a bánatosságot. Következtetések: Az orvosképzés során a hallgatóknak több témaspecifi kus ismeretre és gyakorlati tapasztalatszerzési lehetőségre lenne igényük, szükségük. A hallgatók olyan sztereotípiákkal rendelkeznek, amelyek potenciálisan megnehezítik a páciensek torzításmentes percepcióját. E torzítás kockázata külö-nösen hátrányosan érintheti a meddő férfi pácienseket. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(3), 105-112. Kulcsszavak: meddőség, orvostanhallgatók, sztereotípia Knowledge and perception of medical students about infertilityIntroduction: The effectiveness of fertility treatments is infl uenced by the health care professionals' knowledge regarding infertility as well as their empathy. Aim: The aim of the study was to examine infertility-related knowledge and perceptions of emotional and mind/body consequences of infertility among medical students. Methods: A questionnaire design was used. Data were obtained from 112 medical university students (76 women, 36 men) who participated involuntary and compensation-free. Results: Medical students' knowledge concerning infertility proved to be incomplete and ambiguous. Subjects underestimated the presence of mind/body and emotional symptoms caused by infertility in men particularly, and overestimated some emotional concerns in women, e.g. sadness.Conclusions: Medical students have gaps in their subject-specifi c knowledge, so that they need more (even practical) information regarding infertility during their studies. Students' conceptions about emotional and physical consequences of infertility are distorted by stereotypes. The risk of these biases is that it could make it diffi cult to perceive patients in a non-distorted way, especially infertile male patients.