The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of dietary supplements usage amongst university’s players, in addition to their know-how and players towards sports supplementation. Current study check out the extent of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices regarding using dietary supplements of 100 athletes was administered, which included 88 Males and 12 Females, 20 to 27 years of age from the population of university athletes. The comparison was analyzed by chi-square test to observe the importance of distinction amongst respondents’ notion about the statements of questionnaires. The results calculated through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-25). The outcomes displayed that maximum of the athletes proven the satisfactory knowledge of dietary supplements and the motives for the usage of them; however the outcome of the study suggested that need of inclusive knowledge of players about supplements and under vigilant management showed improvement of University athletes.
Influenza virus continues to evolve due to changes in the genome and the new strain of virus is more pathogenic then the previous strain. These changes may also help the virus to cross specie barrier and may also affect the binding pattern of virus.The main theme of the current study is the identification of changes in the hemagglutinin sequence of H1N1 virus from 1960 to 2011 and also how these changes affect the binding properties of virus. From 1960 to 2000 following important changes were observed: Ala198Asp and Gly225Glu in 1980; and Gly225Asp in 1999. From 1999 to 2011 many changes were observed, most of the changes were transient, but two of the changes, Gly225Asp and Ala227Glu, were consistent in the period of 1999-2010. These residues make the binding stronger. The important conserved residues are Asp190, Tyr98, His183 and Gln226. The current study will provide an understanding how virus evolve with the passage of time. The current study also helps to understand the changes in the binding pattern of virus. It will also help for the identification of new therapeutic targets.
Cytochrome P450 enzyme family plays significant roles in carcinogenesis and xenobiotic detoxification. CYP1A1 is the P450 family 1 enzyme preferably expressed extrahepatically and participates extensively in monooxygenase activity which can either change the substrate to normal or carcinogenic metabolites, having the ability to initiate oncogenesis in lung and breast. Variegated structural properties evident in the prosites of available Cytochrome P450 (CYP) structures show versatility among CYP catalyzed reactions. In order to understand the CYP1A1 functions, hypothesized homology model has been constructed and characterization of the active site was performed by identifying important residues using docking studies and pharmacophore analysis. Model of CYP-1A1- Human has been constructed using the available crystal structure of CYP-1A2- Human. Active site and entry site of CYP-1A1 was found to be more compact than CYP1A2. Difference of wildtype CYP1A1 against its polymorphisms shows the role of mutations in active site architecture, which explains that the M2 and M4 mutations in CYP1A1 have no possible significant roles in the substrate binding and orientation for detoxification or carcinogenic activation. Different ligands including A- naphthoflavone (ANF), Ethoxyresorufin, Theophylline, Tamoxifen, Ethanol, Phenacetin and Hesperetin were docked and reconfirm the ligand specific wet lab studies.
Background: Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by expulsion of an embryo or foetus. In Pakistan, 54% of the 4.2 million unintentional pregnancies were terminated deliberately. Given the taboo around the subject, abortions are filled with unnecessary risk and fear, legal and physical. Our work intends to shed light on the factors that limit this taboo, exploring the line beyond which abortion is considered acceptable. Aim: To explore the limits of the taboo around abortion; to explore the extent to which certain taboos apply and deduce circumstances that deem abortion an acceptable practice. Methods: A sociological and statistical snow-ball type of semi-quantitative, semi-qualitative study was conducted. The study was carried out on the general adult Pakistani population, with focused groups of medical students, non-medical students, and non-students belonging to different employment status. A questionnaire-based survey was implemented. Several people were interviewed as well. Conclusion: The majority of participants were accepting of abortion in case of severe physical health issues. For questions involving mental health, majority of the population disagreed with abortion as a considerable option. However, the entire population strongly agreed with the fact that awareness regarding abortion is inadequate and there needs further light to be shed on it. Keywords: abortion, taboo, mental health, awareness
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