Abstract-A new class of neural prosthetic systems aims to assist disabled patients by translating cortical neural activity into control signals for prosthetic devices. Based on the success of proof-of-concept systems in the laboratory, there is now considerable interest in increasing system performance and creating implantable electronics for use in clinical systems. A critical question that impacts system performance and the overall architecture of these systems is whether it is possible to identify the neural source of each action potential (spike sorting) in real-time and with low power. Low power is essential both for power supply considerations and heat dissipation in the brain. In this paper we report that state-of-the-art spike sorting algorithms are not only feasible using modern complementary metal oxide semiconductor very large scale integration processes, but may represent the best option for extracting large amounts of data in implantable neural prosthetic interfaces.Index Terms-analog-to-digital converter (ADC), brain-machine interfaces (BMI), low-power, neural prosthetics, spike sorting.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an infrastructure free organization of various operational devices. Due to their overwhelming characteristics, these networks are used in different applications. For WSNs, it is necessary to collect real time and precise data as critical decisions are based on these readings in different application scenarios. In WSNs, authentication of the operational devices is one the challenge issue to the research community as these networks are dynamic and self-organizing in nature. Moreover, due to the constraint oriented nature of these devices a generalized light-weight authentication scheme is needed to be developed. In this paper, a light-weight anonymous authentication techniques is presented to resolve the black-hole attack issue associated with WSNs. In this scheme, Medium Access Control (Mac) address is used to register every node in WSNs with its nearest cluster head (CH) or base station module(s). The registration process is performed in an off-line phase to ensure authenticity of both legitimate nodes and base stations in an operational network. The proposed technique resolves the black-hole attack issue as an intruder node needs to be registered with both gateway and neighbouring nodes which is not possible. Moreover, a hybrid data encryption scheme, elliptic curve integrated encryption standard (ECIES) and elliptic curve deffi-hellman problem (ECDDHP), is used to improve authenticity, confidentiality and integrity of the collected data. Simulation results show the exceptional performance of the proposed scheme against field proven techniques in terms of minimum possible end-to-end delay & communication cost, maximum average packet delivery ratio and throughput in presence of malicious node(s).INDEX TERMS WSNs, AODV protocol, black hole attacks, MAC-Based AODV, authentication.

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Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, graphene oxide (GO), metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDS), boron nitride (BN), and layered double hydroxide (LDH) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely investigated as potential candidates in various separation applications because of their high mechanical strength, large surface area, ideal chemical and thermal stability, simplicity, ease of functionalization, environmental comparability, and good antibacterial performance. Recently, MXene as a new member of the 2D polymer family has attracted significant attention in water purification, desalination, gas separation, antibacterial, and antifouling applications. Herein, we review the most recent progress in the fabrication, preparation, and modification methods of MXene-based lamellar membranes with the emphasis on applications for water purification and desalination. Moreover, the antibacterial properties of MXene-based membranes show a significant potential for commercial use in water purification. Thus, this review provides a directional guide for future development in this emerging technology.