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Background: Preeclampsia is a syndrome associated with pregnancy and characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria that might result from hypoxic placenta which secretes pathogenic factors that enter the maternal blood stream and result in endothelial dysfunction. Irisin is a myokine that improves endothelial dysfunction and has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the possible effects of irisin on a model of preeclampsia induced experimentally in adult female albino rats and to explain the possible underlying mechanisms. Material and Methods: 24 adult female albino rats were divided into three groups: Group I (control pregnant rats): That were injected daily with saline solution from 7 th day to 14th day of gestation, Group II (preeclamptic rats): In which pregnant rats were injected daily with L-NAME starting from the 7t h day to 14th day of gestation, and Group III (irisintreated preeclamptic rats): In which L-NAME-induced preeclamptic rats were treated daily with intravenous irisin; 2 µg/kg; from 10t h day to 19t h day of gestation. In all groups, systolic and diastolic Blood Pressure (BP), Total Urinary Proteins/24 hour (TUP), number of living pups and serum Endothelin-1 (ET-1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Nitric Oxide (NO), Placental Growth Factor (PGF), insulin, glucose, Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured and HOMA-IR was calculated. Results: Irisin-treated preeclamptic rats showed significant decrease in systoilic BP, diastolic BP, TUP, ET-1, IL-6, HOMA-IR, MDA and significant increase in the number of living pups, NO, PGF, SOD in comparison to preeclamptic rats. Conclusion: Irisin may be a promising molecule for treatment of vascular complications of preeclampsia, as manifested by the improvement of hypertension and proteinuria in preeclamptic rats, through several mechanisms that may involve decreasing the oxidative stress, IL-6, ET-1 and insulin resistance or increasing the levels of PGF and NO.

Background: Obestatin is a peptide hormone derived from the same peptide precursor as ghrelin, it regulates food intake and gastric motility, however, to date, no studies conducted about the effects of obestatin on gastric acid secretion and gastric mucin expression. Aim: investigate effects of obestatin on gastric acid secretion and mucin expression in normal and streptozoocin (STZ) induced diabetic male rats. Material and Methods: 32 adult male albino rats were divided into group I (normal) and group II STZ induced diabetic rats, each group further subdivided into two equal subgroups: group a (received intraperitoneal (ip) saline daily for 21 days) and group b (daily received ip obestatin "10 nmol/kg" for 21 days). In all groups, gastric secretion was collected, then total acid output, ghrelin and volume of gastric secretion were measured, real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for gastric mucin (MUC5AC) and gastric H+-K+-ATPase α-subunit gene expression were measured, blood samples were obtained for insulin and glucose measurement. Results: in both normal and diabetic rats, obestatin increased total acid output, ghrelin, volume of gastric secretion, gastric H+-K+-ATPase α-subunit and MUC5AC gene expression. There was none significant change in blood glucose and insulin in normal rats, while significant increase in insulin level and significant decrease in blood glucose in STZ induced diabetic rats. Conclusion: obestatin on chronic run increased gastric acidity, ghrelin and volume of gastric secretion in normal and diabetic rats, obestatin can be considered as gastro-protective agent as it increased gastric mucin in normal and diabetic rats.

Background: Apelin is a recently discovered peptide, identified as an endogenous ligand of receptor APJ, apelin has beneficial effect in diabetic conditions as it increase glucose uptake and improve insulin sensitivity, diabetic patients have impaired gastric secretion and apelin is expressed in parietal, chief and mucous cells and this raise the possibility of involvement of apelin in gastric physiology. Objective: The present study was carried out to demonstrate the effect of acute and chronic administration of apelin 13 on gastric secretion in normal and diabetic rats. Design: 98 adult wistar male albino rats were used, animals were divided into three main groups group A (normal rats), group B (high fat diet induced diabetic rats) and group C (streptozotocin induced diabetic rats), each group is subdivided into control subgroup (1), acute apelin-13 injected subgroup (2), chronic apelin-13 injected subgroup for 21 days ( 3): In all studied groups, different parameters of gastric secretion, gastric mucosal pH and mucin content were measured. Results: acute administration of apelin-13 decreased gastric acid secretion in all groups proved by significant increase in pH accompanied by significant decrease in total and free acidity, the percentage in decrease of gastric acid secretion in normal rats is more than that of high fat diet induced diabetic rats and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Ghrelin level, volume of gastric secretion, blood glucose and HOMA-IR significantly decreased in all groups. pepsin, mucin content of gastric mucosa and insulin level had no significant change in all groups, while, pH of gastric mucosal surface significantly increased .In addition, there was negative correlation between ghrelin level and pH, positive correlation between ghrelin and both total and free acidity in normal rats, positive correlation between ghrelin and volume of gastric secretion in all studied groups. Chronic administration of apelin-13 caused no change in gastric acidity in normal rats. and increase gastric acidity in high fat diet induced diabetic rats and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, proved by significant decrease in pH accompanied by significant increase in total and free acidity, the percentage of increase in gastric acid secretion in high fat diet induced diabetic rats is more than that of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, moreover, chronic administration of apelin-13decreased ghrelin level, pepsin level, volume of gastric secretion, blood glucose, insulin level and HOMA-IR and increase pH of gastric mucosal surface and mucin level in all studied groups. In addition, there is positive correlation between ghrelin and volume of gastric secretion in all studied groups. Conclusion: While apelin-13 injection on chronic run caused no change in gastric acidity in normal rats, it improved gastric acidity in diabetic rats and can act as a promising target for type 2 diabetes treatment. In addition apelin-13 can be considered as gastro protective agent as it increased pH of gastric mucosal surface and ...

The present research was designed to study the positive effect of curcumin and the bad effects of dietary high fat diet (beef tallow ) which causes( non alcoholic fatty liver disease), very harmful affecting health , also our study was designed to study the important role of curcumin, against( HFD-induced obesity) .Sixty male albino rats weighing( 165-170gm), were be obtained from animal house at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ,Zagazig University,Egypt .After acclimatization at 23-25 0Cand and free availability of water and diet rats were divided into four main groups,each contains 15 rats for 12 weeks.G1(Control),G2(Curcumin),G3(HFD),G4(HFD+cur) .At the end of the experiment , all rats were sacrified and blood collected weekly to biochemichal examination during 12 weeks. The main objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of curcumin supplementation on fat deposition and oxidative stress in the liver of rats with high fat (HF)diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Our results after statistical analysis revealed that showed that rats Fed on curcumin( 3%w/w), had a significant increase in (total glutathione ,GSH,glutathione quotient ) and a significant decrease in oxidized glutathione level in hepatic tissue ,a significant increase in the activity of liver glutathione peroxidase and reductase but a significant decrease in the glutathione state in rats fed on beef tallow on G3 (HFD) when compared to the control group .a significant increase in glutathione state in G4(HFD+CUR) when compared to G3(HFD). According to biochemical examinations, our results revealed a significant increase in insulin level ,HDL,and a significant decrease in blood glucose,TAG,total cholesterol,MDA ,LDL in G2(curcumin) and (HFD+CUR) but a small significant decrease in total bilirubin in only (HFD+CUR) group when compared to group 3(HFD) .A significant decrease in insulin level, HDL-c in G3(HFD)when compared to curcumin group ,a significant increase in blood glucose, TAG , TC ,LDL-c ,VLDL,MDA,bilirubin in high fat diet .Rats fed on curcumin 3% showed a significant decrease in body weight gain but rats fed on beef tallow revealed a significant increase in body weight .