Background: Protein supplements are one of the most frequently dietary supplements used by athletes and non-athletes in Saudi Arabia. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of Saudi population toward the protein supplements, examine the relationships of practice with education level, effect of protein on kidneys and lipid profile, assess the types and source of protein supplements, assess the correct use of protein supplements according to exercise intensity and determine protein content and heavy metals in protein supplements. Methods: A national cross-sectional survey was conducted during October-December 2017 on protein supplements users in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, samples of the best selling protein supplements were analyzed to determined total protein and heavy metals content. Results: A total of 398 filled protein supplements user questionnaire. The wrong practice of use associated with the effect of protein supplements on renal function and lipid profile.The percentage of protein content in isolated whey protein (68.18%) whiles by Kjeldhl analysis (80.55%). Concentrated whey protein contain (72%) and by kjeldhl analysis (77.2%). Hydrolyzed collagen containing (100%) protein and by kjeldhl analysis (91.25%).The amount of heavy metals in isolated whey protein contains arsenic (83 μg/kg), mercury (<10 μg/kg) and lead (18 μg/kg), while hydrolyzed collagen sample contains arsenic (101 μg/kg), mercury (<10 μg/kg) and lead (49 μg/kg). Conclusion: The current study reveals an evidence for lacking of the awareness, negative attitude and abuse of protein supplements, demonstrates necessity to further education regarding the use and purchasing of protein supplements to ensure the quality of these products.
Individuals who use hair smoothing products at home or in a salon work environment are at risk of exposure to various chemical compounds. Formaldehyde mixed with keratin as a hair straightening product is in common use by women in Saudi Arabia. The high temperatures used during blow-drying can release gas fumes that have several implications to include irritation of the skin, eyes and respiratory complications. Furthermore, formaldehyde is classified as a known human carcinogen. The aim of this study is to assess the source of keratin hair treatment among women, demonstrate the symptoms related to formaldehyde exposure during keratin hair treatment process and determine the practices that can increase the exposure to formaldehyde and to evaluate the level of formaldehyde in the keratin hair treatment products. A national cross-sectional survey was first conducted during March-April 2017 on Saudi Arabian children and women aged between the age of 12 and 50 years old. A standardized, fully confidential questionnaire was provided to participating members. A total of 330 filled questionnaires were obtained within the study location. Moreover, 30 hair salons that used keratin-based products were visited in 3 different cities in Al Qassim province to check the location of keratin hair treatment, ventilation procedures and take samples of hair products that were later analyzed. Most commonly reported symptom was irritation of the eyes reported by 135 people. Other symptoms described include irritation of throat, burning sensation of the nose, headache and nausea. Argan e Ojon was one of the most famous product tested in this study with formaldehyde levels above 0.2% threshold
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