This paper does not only go over the ground of the generally traversed, and examined arguments commonly used, but, it carries the inquiry further than the controversialists on either side, yet ventured to go; also a sought to discover why protection retains such popular strength in spite of all exposures of its erroneous beliefs; to trace the connection between the tariff question and more important social questions, now rapidly become the "burning questions" of our times; and now to show what radical measures the principle of free trade logically leads to. Thus harmonizing the truths which free traders perceive with the facts that protectionists make their own theory plausible, it's perceived that this might open ground upon which those separated by seemingly irreconcilable differences of opinion may unite for that full application of the free-trade principle which would, secure both the largest production and the fairest distribution of wealth. Also facts emanating a posteriori will contain the general viewpoint of a country's recommended choice, as well as my view point.

The main idea of this study is to provide help to West and Central Africa port logistics authorities in making, evaluating and realizing their decisions on port development/management, all in an effort to guaranty port efficiency and operational brilliance to profit the different ports, their hinterlands and their related clients. Consequently, an examination is made as far as port sector is concerned, with an ever more demanding enhancement in operational efficiency. Moreover, a past research on West and Central Africa Ports, as well as an overview on port logistics was made, making it possible to determine what has been done (prospects) and what is still to be done (ineffectiveness), in prospective of a more reformed and efficient port. One of the principles of this paper is also to confer all the aspects that operate as obstacles to the WCA port's improvement and development; using thus the evaluation model called EWCA (Evaluation of West and Central Africa Ports), which gives a descriptive analysis of the present situation of the latter's port logistics, including the aid of multiple regression model to determine an impact of explanatory variables on the study probability. Applying the method of strategic development, this paper thus deals with exploring typical problems and quandaries of West and Central Africa ports. The findings suggested how to fight back or overcome the constrictions and strangulations; enabling West and Central Africa port logistics attain their desired strategic development aims, despite the ineffectiveness. Tremendous efforts were made, giving a vital shoot on African economy and development; even though there is still a lot to do, for the data and variables showed how the port logistics augment and descend frequently without a long period of stability.

RESUMENEn la actualidad muchas pequeñas organizaciones en el siglo XXI fracasan debido a la falta de implementación de una planeación estratégica y a la inexistencia de un plan de negocios que les permita trazar las vías para alcanzar cada uno de sus objetivos y metas. Esta situación resulta bastante preocupante ya que, debido a esto son muchas las organizaciones que cesan sus actividades y ABSTRACT Actually many small businesses are currently failing in the century 21rst because of the lack of implementation of strategic planning and the lack of a business plan that allows them to chart the ways to achieve each of their goals and objectives. This situation is very worrying, because many companies cease their activities and end up going bankrupt damaging the economy and slowing down national development (century 21rst). It is for this reason that this research proposes to show the importance of the development of strategic planning in companies and the implementation of an adequate business plan that provides stability and success in their activities, reducing the risk generated by the current markets. These markets are becoming more competitive, demanding and aggressive. Only the companies that are better structured will be able to compete and grow, solidify their bases and position themselves in the markets. The research is done under the method of reflective research. This allows you to investigate real market information by providing detailed results of the current situation Barreras que dificultan la planeación estratégica en las organizaciones Fernández Hurtado _ Saúl Rick, Martínez Martínez _Luz Ángela, Ngono Fouda_ Regine Adele Palavras-Chave: competitividade, planejamento estratégico, plano de negócios, sustentabilidade, diferenciação. JEL: L1, L60,R58, R11, O31

Shipping industry has become more capital intensive, technically more demanding and subject to major global regulatory reforms. As a consequence, the number of African shipping lines has been severely reduced. International trade of the WCA countries remains weak, limited to 30% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the port and shipping convey management in the WCA region, and of course to describe what has been achieved since then and what still have to be done to better its infrastructures and port community.

Abstract-This paper provided a case study on Cameroon's Port (the port of Douala) to further emphasize the need and benefits of strategic development obtainable through privatization, Port upgrading and terminal modifications. It's been tough; however, a radical reform upload is gradually making its way. The paper will help West and Central Africa ports authorities in making, evaluating and realizing their decisions on port development, all in an effort to guaranty port efficiency and operational brilliance to profit the different ports, their hinterlands and their related clients. Therefore, this research found out the following issues related to West and Central Africa ports development as far as port logistics and transportation in general is concern.Finally, a tactical development is needed which could likely have an impact on West and Central Africa's economy. This as a whole could boost the entire African nation's economy and eradicate poverty and unemployment. Moreover, most West and Central Africa countries have been experiencing ramshackle in commodity stocks of some of their key export commodities and long dwell time, making JIT delivery impossible in the supply chain as has been discussed. The principle of this paper is to bequeath the entire facet that operates as impediments to the West and Central Africa port's enhancement and enlargement.

Ports play a fundamental role in a sustainable integration of Africa in International trade. Both importers and exporters, shipping companies and government, however face high cost for sea transport and substantial inefficiency in port operations. This has resulted in congestion, higher dwell time, higher costs which affect the competitive ability in sub regional and global economy. This study investigates the main factors explaining poor container handling operations and limited competitive ability in Cameroonian Ports and aggregating this to the competitive position of Cameroonian ports in the West and Central African sub-regions (WCA). Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (A.H.P), the paper seeks to provide a basic understanding of container transportation and port's terminal operations problems (constraints & ineffectiveness) in Cameroon.

El objetivo principal de esta investigación es identificar la influencia que ejerce el nivel formativo de los empresarios en el desarrollo de las negociaciones a nivel internacional; el enfoque que se utilizó fue a través del análisis descriptivo y empírico; bajo metodología exploratoria, respecto a las variables medidas, lo cual ayudó al entendimiento de lo que requieren las empresas a través de las habilidades de los egresados universitarios. Como resultado de esta investigación se obtuvo una necesidad a nivel empresarial y gubernamental, evidenciando que la formación universitaria deberá tener un cambio ante el saber-hacer (macro), lo cual es una necesidad para el éxito empresarial a nivel internacional. La investigación permite concluir aspectos relevantes ante actividades empresariales, donde la correlación de fortalecimiento empresa-gobierno-universidad, está produciendo un efecto negativo, y mediante la obtención psicoempresarial, bajo el análisis de resultados obtenidos mediante los datos recolectados en la investigación.

Business renovation, effective utilization of information technology and the role of business process modeling are dealt in supply chain integration projects. The main idea is to show how the performance of supply chain can be improved with the integration of various tiers in the chain. Integration is preconditioned for efficient sharing and utilization of information between diverse companies in the chain.