Os nódulos vocais são causas freqüentes de disfonias infantis, porém, através das vídeoendoscopias, outras lesões têm sido diagnosticadas na laringe infantil, como os cistos, sulcos, pontes e micromembranas, denominadas de lesões estruturais mínimas. Objetivo: Avaliar, em 71 crianças com disfonia agendadas nos ambulatórios de Foniatria da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (Unesp) nos últimos cinco anos: sexo, idade, diagnósticos, tratamentos e evolução clínica. Forma de estudo: Clínico retrospectivo. Casuística e Método: Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo das avaliações otorrinolaringológi-cas e endoscópicas de 71 crianças com queixas de disfonia e idade entre 3 a 13 anos (45 meninos e 26 meninas). As crianças haviam sido submetidas a exame endoscópico com telescópio rígido ou nasofibroscópio flexível. Foram excluídas as crianças com disfonias funcionais ou com queixas de obstrução respiratória. Resultados Os principais diagnósticos foram: nó-dulo vocal (47 casos; 66,2%), cisto epidérmico (7 casos; 9,9%), cisto aberto fistulizado (6 casos; 8,4%), sulco vocal (5 casos; 7,1%), ponte + cisto (2 casos; 2,8%), micromembrana anterior (2 casos; 2,8%) e pólipo vocal (2 casos; 2,8%). As disfonias foram mais freqüentes entre os meninos (63,3%). A fonoterapia isolada foi o tratamento de escolha nos casos de nódulo vocal (evolução favorável), sulco vocal (evolução desfavorável) e micro-membrana (evolução desfavorável). Nas demais lesões (cistos, pontes e pólipos) o tratamento de escolha foi a cirurgia associada à fonoterapia, com resultados satisfatórios, exceto nos casos que recusaram a cirurgia. Conclusão: Os nódulos vocais são as principais causas de disfonias em crianças, porém as lesões estruturais mínimas mostraram-se também freqüen-tes, exigindo exame minucioso para o diagnóstico. Vocal nodules are the main cause of dysphonia in children, but through the videolaryngoscopy, others lesions are frequently found in infantile larynx like, cysts, sulcus, anterior commissure microwebs, denominated vocal fold cover minor structural alterations. Aim: To evaluate, in 71 children with dysphonia seen at "Ambulatório de Foniatria da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (Unesp)", during the last five years: sex incidence, age, diagnostic, treatment and clinical evolution. Study design: Clinical retrospective. Material and Method:We reviewed the evaluations of 71 children with dysphonia, with age range of 3 to 13 years, who underwent otolaryngologic and endoscopic exams (videolaryngoscopy or flexible fiberoptic). The children with functional dysphonia or respiratory distress complaints were excluded. Results: the main diagnoses were: vocal nodules (47 cases; 66,2%), epidermic cysts (7 cases; 9,9%), fistuleted cyst (6 cases; 8,4%), sulcus vocalis (5 cases; 7,1%), vocal fold bridge associated to cyst (2 cases; 2,8%), anterior microwebs associated to nodules (2 cases; 2,8%) and polyps (2 cases; 2,8%). The dysphonias were more frequent in boys (63,3%). The phonotherapy was the preferential treatment to nodules (well clinical evolution), sul...

We described the vocal symptoms, vocal perceptual and acoustic analysis and endoscopic findings of an elderly population, characterising the presbyphonia. Therapeutic measures must involve speech therapy and/or surgery to reduce the glottal gap, allowing less air leakage and, consequently, better vocal performance.

Neonatal stridor has many causes; those related to tracheal intubation are more frequent in hospitals that treat more complex diseases. Pediatricians and otorhinolaryngologists should know the main causes of stridor and perform detailed clinical evaluations to determine case severity. The endoscopic examination, must be meticulous.

Palavras-chave: Síndrome de Rubinstein-Taybi, otorrinolaringologia, surdez, retardo mental.

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Congeni tal and acquired airway diseases are responsible for upper respiratory distress and stridor in children. In neonatal intensive care units, we have seen increased survival in premature babies, but also a high incidence of airway complications related to intubation, which present as stridor. Aim: To review endoscopic findings in children with stridor. Study design: a cross-sectional cohort study. Methods: A retrospective analysis was done of 55 cases of children with stridor who underwent endoscopic exams, between January 1997 and December 2003. Results: 69% were aged below one year. The main indications for endoscopy were postextubation stridor (63.63%) and evaluation of neonatal stridor (21.82%). Many associated diseases were seen, including lung diseases (60%), neurological condition (45.4%), and GERD (40%). The main endoscopic findings and indications for tracheotomy were subglottic stenosis (27.27%) and airway inflammatory process (21.82%) occurring in children under five years old. Congenital disorders were more frequent in children under age one year. Conclusion: Neonatal stridor has many causes; those related to tracheal intubation are more frequent in hospitals that treat more complex diseases. Pediatricians and otorhinolaryngologists should know the main causes of stridor and perform detailed clinical evaluations to determine case severity. The endoscopic examination, must be meticulous.

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