Objective. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors related to lower walking speed in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. The study participants were 120 consecutive PwMS, who were able to walk, even with device assistance. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Walking speed was measured in 10 m walk test. Possible factors were assessed: disability, fatigue, visual functioning, balance confidence, physical activity level, walking impact, cognitive interference, and motor planning. A forward linear multiple regression analysis examined the correlation with lower speed. Results. Lower walking speed was observed in 85% of the patients. Fatigue (41%), recurrent falls (30%), and balance problems were also present, even with mild disability (average EDSS = 2.68). A good level of physical activity was noted in most of the subjects. Dual-task procedure revealed 11.58% of walking speed reduction. Many participants (69.57%) imagined greater walking speed than motor execution (mean ≥ 28.42%). Physical activity level was the only characteristic that demonstrated no significant difference between the groups (lower versus normal walking speed). Many mobility measures were correlated with walking speed; however, disability, balance confidence, and motor planning were the most significant. Conclusions. Disability, balance confidence, and motor planning were correlated with lower walking speed.

MS patients with no clinical disability have discrete changes in gait that can be evidenced by perceived impact on walking and kinematic evaluation, mainly of ankle movement. Moreover, there is a decrease in perceived balance confidence and an increase in perceived fatigue, which are correlated despite having different origins.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of functional limitations and fatigue on the quality of life (QoL) in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). A descriptive case series study at Lagoa Hospital - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was carried. The main outcome measurements were demographic variables, QoL (SF-36 v.1), disability (EDSS), motor function of the upper limb (Box & Blocks test), Tone (Modified Ashworth Scale), gait (Hauser ambulatory index) and fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale). Sixty one patients fulfilled the study criteria. The mean age of patients was 39 years and 74% of patients were female. The most of cases presented mild disability (EDSS<3.5). A decrease was found in all domains of QoL. It was found association between physical functioning and the variables of EDSS, fatigue, lower limb tone and gait. Gait, disability, hypertonia of the lower limbs and fatigue negatively affected QoL in people with MS.

-Purpose: To evaluate potential risk factors for the development of multiple sclerosis in Brazilian patients. Method: A case control study was carried out in 81 patients enrolled at the Department of Neurology of the Hospital da Lagoa in Rio de Janeiro, and 81 paired controls. A standardized questionnaire on demographic, social and cultural variables, and medical and family history was used. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and conditional logistic regression models with the SPSS for Windows software program. Results: Having standard vaccinations (vaccinations specified by the Brazilian government) (OR=16.2; 95% CI=2.3-115.2), smoking (OR=7.6; 95% CI=2.1-28.2), being single (OR=4.7; 95% CI=1.4-15.6) and eating animal brain (OR=3.4; 95% CI=1.2-9.8) increased the risk of developing MS. Conclusions: Results of this study may contribute towards better awareness of the epidemiological characteristics of Brazilian patients with multiple sclerosis.KEY WORDS: multiple sclerosis, risk factors, immunization, tobacco, single person, consumption of animal brain, Brazil.Potenciais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de esclerose múltipla no Rio de Janeiro: um estudo caso controle Resumo -Objetivo: Avaliar os potenciais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de esclerose múltipla em pacientes brasileiros. Método: Um estudo caso-controle incluiu 81 pacientes atendidos no Departamento de Neurologia do Hospital da Lagoa, no Rio de Janeiro, e 81 controles. Um questionário padronizado incluiu variáveis demográficas, sociais e culturais, além da história familiar e clínica. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do programa SPSS para Windows e foi constituída de estatísticas descritivas e de um modelo de regressão logística condicional. Resultados: Pacientes com história de imunização (OR=16,2; IC95%=2,3-115,2), fumantes (OR=7,6; IC95%=2,2), solteiros (OR=4,7; IC95%=1,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)6) e que consumiam cérebro de animal (OR=3,4; IC95%=1,2-9,8) tiveram risco mais elevado de desenvolver esclerose múltipla quando comparados aos controles. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo podem contribuir para um melhor entendimento das características epidemiológicas dos pacientes brasileiros com esclerose múltipla. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: esclerose múltipla, fatores de risco, epidemiologia, Brasil.

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These three tests constitute a Brief Battery that represents a first Brazilian MS cognitive screening instrument. However, further validation study is necessary to achieve better normative scores in a larger sample and to establish feasibility of this battery.

The variables such as race, skin colour and ethnicity have become intensely discussed in medicine research, as a response to the rising debate over the importance of the ethnic-racial dimension in the scope of health-disease processes. The aim of this study was to identify the European (EUR), African (AFR) and Amerindian (AMR) ancestries on Brazilian health outcomes through a systematic literature review. This study was carried out by searching in three electronic databases, for studies published between 2005 and 2017. A total of 13 papers were eligible. The search identified the following health outcomes: visceral leishmaniosis, malaria, Alzheimer’s disease, neuromyelitis optica, multiple sclerosis, prostate cancer, non-syndromic cleft lip/palate, chronic heart failure, sickle cell disease, primary congenital glaucoma, preterm labour, preterm premature rupture of membranes, systemic lupus erythematosus and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Research paper assessments were guided by the STROBE instrument, and agreements between results were determined by comparing the points attributed by two authors. Increased EUR ancestry was identified from preterm labour (PTL), type 1 diabetes (T1D) and non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL), as well as in patients presenting aggressive prostate cancer prognoses. On the other hand, the highest AFR ancestral component was verified from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) cases, presenting worse prognoses. AMR ancestry may be a protective factor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The worst hemodynamic parameters in cases of heart failure (HF) were identified among individuals with greater AMR and AFR ancestry indices.

Phantom pain and phantom sensations are highly prevalent among cancer patients. Further studies should be carried out to determine the main factors associated with their onset.