Aim: To assess the welfare of pack animal: Pony, Horse, Mule and Donkey in and around Bareilly city. Materials and Methods:The present study was carried out in Bareilly city and Izatnagar area of Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh in the year 2009. Representative sample of 100 pack animal owners were selected to get the information regarding various social, personal and economic attributes of the pack animal. Further during interviewing different health and behavior pattern of animals was keenly examined. Analysis has been done as per standard procedures. Results:Most of the pack animal owners (98%) were aware of the freedom from hunger and thirst. Majority of respondents (96, 93, 81 & 85 percent) were aware of freedom from injury and disease, pain and discomfort, to express normal behavior and adequate space and freedom from fear and distress. Respondents (85%) believed that they themselves were responsible for the welfare of the animals. Most of the owners (48.8%) employed their animals for work for 9-10 hrs with rest (96.5%) in between work and most (88.3%) indulged into beating to compel the animals to work. All pregnant animals were put to work in the first two trimesters of pregnancy. Upon physical examination, pack animals showed abnormality in eyes (49%), abnormality in gait (40%) and limb deformity (39%). Most animals (75%) had tether lesions and 34 percent animals avoided or were aggressive to observer. Majority (74.1%) of the owners housed their animals in a part of their own residence with improper drainage and cleaning. Most of the owners (82%) consulted Veterinary doctors for treatment and believed in allopathic medicine (57%). Vaccination was not carried out on most (96%) of the animals. All the animals were feed green fodder but practice of supplementation of minerals to animals was only among 11 percent owners. Conclusions:Present findings provide baseline information on welfare activities followed by pack animal owners and status of pack animals in regards to animal welfare. A more detailed in-depth study is needed regarding welfare issues in all varied pack animals, designing of scientific efficient carts, working hours and special requirements related to feed and other managemental practices for pack and draught animals. Rules and Regulations advocated by Government Act can be used to enforce welfare laws of the animals but thrust should be more in regard to development of awareness among owners for animal welfare.
In tropical countries, at high temperatures, several physiological rearrangements occur in cows as they attempt to facilitate heat dissipation and/or reduce metabolic heat production. Following exposure to heat, cattle appear to acclimatize within 2-7 weeks. The failure of homeostasis at high temperatures may lead to reduced productivity or even death. The situation is even worse when humidity adds to high temperature. Livestock with elevated body temperature exhibit lower DMI and growth with less efficiency, reducing profitability for dairy farms in hot and humid climates. Shading of feed and water also offers production advantages. Although several elaborate methods for reducing heat stress in cows have been reported, simple shade materials appear to be the most cost-effective methods that are currently applicable to tropical developing countries. Different materials are being used to provide shade during warm weather. The shade material determines the microclimate-it should be light, strong, durable, weatherproof, good looking and a bad conductor of heat, and free from tendency to condense moisture inside. This review discusses various shade materials and their advantages and disadvantages in different situations.
An attempt was made to study the effect of different shade materials on physiological, behavioural, biochemical and hormonal responses in crossbred Vrindavani calves during the summer seasons in the Cattle and Buffalo Farm of Indian veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India. During experiment, 28 crossbred calves were divided into four groups: thatch shading roof (T1), agro-net shading roof -60% light diffusion (T2), asbestos with canvas shading roof (T3) and well-grown tree (T4). The daily macroand microclimate data were recorded at 0900 and 1400 h. The data for each ongoing behavioural activity were recorded by closed circuit television consecutively for three days for each animal in each group from 1000 to 1700 h. Blood was also collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days of the experimental period for estimation of different biochemical parameters. The microclimate, that is, maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity and temperature humidity index of the roof, was lower in the T2 group. There was significantly more (P < .05) time spent in shade structure by the T2 group as compared to other groups. Among the behaviour, feeding, rumination, resting and sleeping activities were more in the T2 group, whereas standing, moving, drinking, time spent near water tank and abnormal behaviour (cross-sucking, licking) were more in T3 and T4. Among the blood parameters, haemoglobin was significantly higher (P < .05) while, Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase and Alkaline Phosphatase were significantly lower in the T2 group. ARTICLE HISTORY
Aim: The present study was carried out on cattle and buffalo farm of Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (Uttar Pradesh) to determine the effect of different shade materials on physiological performance in Vrindavani crossbred calves during the summer. Materials and Methods:Twenty-eight crossbred calves were divided into four groups viz. Thatch shading roof (T1), agro-net shading roof -60 % light diffusion (T2), asbestos with canvas shading roof (T3) and well-grown tree (T4). The recording of macro and micro climate as well as the physiological parameters viz. rectal temperature and respiration rate were recorded at 9:00 AM and 2:00 PM for 2 consecutive days at every fortnight interval. Result:The microclimate viz. maximum and minimum, relative humidity, temperature humidity index and surface temperature of the roof was lower in T2 group in the summer season. The physiological responses viz. rectal temperature and respiration rate was significantly higher in T4. Conclusion:During the summer season both thatch and agro-net shade material helped in better relieving the summer stress.
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