aquaculture grew to compensate for the reduced fish abundance due to the overfishing in the wild fisheries. [3] Currently, aquaculture provides more than 50% of the globally consumed fish, and during the last 10 years, the yearly global returns for fish farming grew from $60 billion to more than $231.6 billion. The corresponding total production is more than 80 million tonnes of fish. [1] Nevertheless, water pollution in the ponds is considered as the major cause of financial losses in the market especially in the rapidly urbanizing areas. For instance, the aquaculture in China suffered from a $1 billion loss in 2010 due to water pollution and consequent fish death. [4] Pollution in ponds water can be due to biological, chemical, and atmospheric reasons, all of which are inter-related, leading to the reduction in fish yield. For instance, the increased nutrient concentration in the ponds due to fertilizers, pesticides, or increased urbanization and resultant industrial waste with high amounts of phosphates and nitrogen result in a phytoplankton and algal heavy bloom. [5] When the algae is decomposing, it excretes toxic levels of ammonia and consumes the oxygen in the water resulting in fish asphyxia. Human agricultural activities can also increase the heavy metals and salts concentration in ponds to reach toxic levels. Moreover, the quality of the air surrounding the pond greatly contributes to the water quality where high levels of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides generated from combustion of fossil fuels and transportation can either dissolve or deposit on the surface of the water, leading to the deterioration of the water quality. [6,7] Hence, preventive measures can be taken by the farmers to protect the fishes when toxic levels of air pollutants are detected. Other key factors that affect the fish production are the sunlight exposure and the temperature of the water. Sunlight is critical for the regulation of the water temperature-a too high temperature reduces the density of oxygen while a too low temperature reduces the fish metabolism-and for the production of the natural food in the ponds-plankton and photosynthesis. [8,9] Therefore, real-time monitoring of water quality is essential for protecting and further fostering the aquaculture industry growth.Among major food production sectors, world aquaculture shows the highest growth rate, providing more than 50% of the global seafood market. However, water pollution in fish farming ponds is regarded as the leading cause of fish death and financial losses in the market. Here, an Internet of Things system based on a cubic multidimensional integration of circuit (MD-IC) is demonstrated for water and food security applications in fish farming ponds. Both faces of the silicon substrate are used for thin-film-based device fabrication. The devices are interconnected via through-silicon-vias, resulting in a bifacial complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible electronics system. The demonstrated cubic MD-IC is a complete, small, and lightweight system that ...
IoT applications are increasingly becoming widespread with more stringent system requirements. In this work, we demonstrate a nature-inspired integration and packaging technology that achieves self-powered multi-functional systems with optimized performance and small footprint area. The integration technique is based on bifacial usage of the substrate where devices on both sides are interconnected via through-substrate-vias. Multiple substrates are then integrated and folded into a 3D architecture using side-interlocks following a puzzle-like fashion. On the outer sides of the 3D architecture, sensors, RF devices and energy harvesters are integrated while on the inner faces, a solid-state battery in addition to powermanagement and data-management circuitry are embedded. To package the system, a polymeric encapsulant is used to protect the inner circuitry and enhance the mechanical resilience of the system. Finally, the system is used to send the collected data wirelessly to a phone using an embedded Bluetooth Low Energy unit.
Among major food production sectors, world aquaculture shows the highest growth rate, Received: ((will be filled in by the editorial staff))Revised: ((will be filled in by the editorial staff))
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