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This article finds that gender differences in on‐the‐job training significantly affect the male/female wage gap. First, we find that previously trained workers exhibit larger cumulative wage gains during their current training. Thus, a substantial portion of the gender wage gap results from the fact that women have little prior training relative to men. Second, a significant amount of the observed male/female wage differential is explained by less female acquisition of current training. Gender differences in workplace promotion and training practices help explain why women accumulate less training than men. Both of these sources of gender differences have lessened from 1976 to 1985, which has led to a narrowing of the male/female wage gap.

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The AMERICAN JOURNAL of ECONOMICS ^w^ SOCIOLOGY Published QUARTERLY in lhe iiitercsi of constructive .synthesis in the social sciences, iindt'r grams from the FRANCIS NFI[.SON FUND and the ROBERI' SOIALKF.NHACII r'ABSTRACT. The major stimulus for the extensive, state level, reform of medical malpractice during the past two decades was the widespread belief in a malpractice crisis. The perception of a crisis arose in the 1960s largely because of what was viewed as sudden and dramatic increases in the malpractice liability ot physicians. However, historical data demonstrate that the common perception that physician liability increased suddenly and dramatically beginning in the 1960s Is incorrect. Since malpractice reform has been based upon the false premise that the medical malpractice liability .system, previously working smoothly, was in disarray, the soundness of much of the malpractice reform which has occurred in the past two decades is questioned.

The present study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the causes of gender income differentials. The findings suggest that such differentials are not well explained by differences in levels of human capital and other measured factors valued by the labour market. This result is robust to the disaggregation of the data into African, Indian and Other ethnic groups thereby raising the possibility of gender discrimination. African and Indian women's incomes would increase by over 20 per cent with the returns to the measured factors of their male, ethnic counterparts. Women would benefit from having men's industry distribution of jobs, but not men's occupational distribution. African women appear to be significantly more disadvantaged relative to their male counterparts than are Indian or Other women.Gender Income Differentials, Determinants, Population, Gender Discrimination, Distribution of Jobs, Trinidad and Tobago,

Previous researchers have found that Hispanic immigrants tend to have better health than could be reasonably explained by their socioeconomic status and other demographic variables. The main objective of this study is to re-investigate the Hispanic health paradox covering the period from 1992 to 2012. Main contributions of the paper include using a data set of older Americans from the Health and Retirement Study. More importantly, we use two new measures of health. Previous research on the paradox had primarily used mortality or morbidity to measure health. In contrast, the HRS includes a measure of self-reported poor health from which we construct a latent health variable. Using both poor health and latent health we find that even among our sample of older Americans that Hispanic Immigrants remain more healthy than could be explained by their socioeconomic status and their other health inputs.

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This study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP) data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the determinants of earnings by ethnicity. The data, organised into three ethnic groupings, reveal lower levels of remuneration in the labour market for Africans and Indians than for individuals of other ethnicities taken as a whole. While the larger portion of the earnings differentials generally appears to be explained by ethnic differences in characteristics valued by the labour market, Africans and Indians would benefit substantially if they were to receive the same rates of remuneration for their educational endowments as workers of other ethnicities in the Trinidad and Tobago labour market. Notwithstanding Indians' lowest average earnings, Africans appear more likely to be discriminated against.