Endotoxemia promotes gut barrier failure and bacterial translocation (BT) by upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the gut. We hypothesized that administration of a dithiocarbamate derivative, NOX, which scavenges nitric oxide (NO), may reduce intestinal injury and BT after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to receive NOX or normal saline via subcutaneously placed osmotic pumps before or after LPS challenge. Mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and blood were cultured 24 h later. Transmucosal passage of Escherichia coli C-25 or fluorescent beads were measured in an Ussing chamber. Intestinal membranes were examined morphologically for apoptosis, iNOS expression, and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity. NOX significantly reduced the incidence of bacteremia, BT, and transmucosal passage of bacteria and beads when administered before or up to 12 h after LPS challenge. LPS induced enterocyte apoptosis at the villus tips where bacterial entry was demonstrated by confocal microscopy. NOX significantly decreased the number of apoptotic nuclei and nitrotyrosine residues. NOX prevents LPS-induced gut barrier failure by scavenging NO and its toxic derivative, peroxynitrite.
Bilateral testicular tumors are a rare complication of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. It can be extremely difficult to distinguish histologically between Leydig cell tumors and adrenocortical rest hyperplasia, which may lead in some cases to unnecessary orchidectomy. A 7-yr-old boy was admitted because of precocious puberty and enlargement of testicles. Hormonal studies established the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Testicular biopsy revealed interlacing strands, cords, and rests of cells resembling interstitial (Leydig) cells but with no Reinke crystalloids. Here we report a case of testicular adrenal rest hyperplasia in congenital adrenal hyperplasia and discuss the pathological and clinical features and origin of this rare lesion by using immunohistochemical evaluation.
Circumcision is the oldest and most frequent surgical procedure in the world and especially in Turkey as is seen in the other Islamic countries because of religious and traditional pressures. In this study, we aim to report the experience of circumcision at Çukurova University in a total of 76 patients with haemophilia between 1990 and 2011. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 69 haemophilia patients without inhibitors and seven haemophilia patients with inhibitors who had been circumcised. Before the year 2000, factor concentrates were given before and after circumcision for 6-7 days. After 2000, we used fibrin glue together with factor concentrates for only 3 days. By-passing agents were used for circumcision in haemophilia patients with inhibitors. Twelve of 69 patients without inhibitors were referred to our centre with bleeding after the circumcision before diagnosis of haemophilia. Nine of these twelve patients had severe life threatening bleeding and three of them had moderate bleeding. Sixty-four patients with haemophilia were circumcised in our centre under general anaesthesia except for three patients who were given local anaesthesia. Thirteen of 57 haemophilia patients (22.8%) without inhibitors had seven mild and six moderate bleeding complications. A few patients had significant bleeding, despite adequate factor replacement. Five of seven haemophilia patients with inhibitors had two moderate and three mild bleeding complications. Our experience showed that circumcision for patients with haemophilia should be carefully performed by surgeons together with paediatric haematologist, under appropriate conditions in haemophilia centres which has comprehensive coagulation lab.
Children with an imprint made by the handlebar edge on the abdominal wall or give a clear history of injuries by a bicycle handlebar should be treated with great care. Early computed tomography evaluation may help to reduce the morbidity resulting from the delay in diagnosis of injuries to the internal organs.
Hairy polyps or dermoids of the oro- and nasopharynx are benign lesions containing elements of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin. Because of its rarity, we report a case of hairy polyp arising from the tongue in a 40-day-old infant. The lesion was covered by squamous epithelium and a central core of fibroadipose tissue, minor salivary glands, and cartilage. We discuss the clinicopathological features, terminology, etiology, and differential diagnosis of this condition.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.