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N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs), a well-described group of quorum sensing (QS) molecules, may modulate plant defense responses and plant growth. However, there is limited knowledge regarding defense responses of non-model crops to AHLs and the mechanism of action responsible for the modulation of defense responses against microbial pathogens. In the present study, long-chained oxo-C14-HSL (N-3-oxo-tetradecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone) was shown to a distinct potential to prime cucumber for enhanced defense responses against biotrophic oomycete pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis (P. cubensis) and hemibiotroph bacterium P. syringae pv. lachrymans (Psl). We provide evidence that AHL-mediated enhanced defense against downy mildew disease is based on cell-wall reinforcement by lignin and callose depositions, activation of defense-related enzymes (peroxidase, β-1,3-glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), accumulation of ROS (hydrogen peroxide, superoxide) and phenolic compounds. Quantitative analysis of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) and transcriptional analysis of several of genes associated with these phytohormones revealed that defense priming with oxo-C14-HSL is commonly regulated by SA signaling pathway. Here we also show that treatment with short- (N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone) and medium-chained (N-3-oxo-decanoyl-L-homoserine lactone) AHLs promoted primary root length and modified root architecture, respectively, which is resulted in enhanced plant growth.

International audienc

IntroductionTurkey, which is in the transition zone of 3 different biogeographically regions, the European-Siberian, Mediterranean, and Irano-Turanian, is one of the richest countries between Europe and the Middle East in terms of biodiversity (Kaya and Raynal, 2011). This biodiversity is reflected in the bryophyte flora as well as vascular plants and Turkey has unique vegetation. Although the vascular plants have been thoroughly investigated in Turkey, the floristic studies on bryophytes are still insufficient.According to recent literature, although significant bryofloristic studies were made in the Central Anatolian Region near the present research area

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This study was carried out to investigate the potential for the usability of treated olive mill wastewater (OMW) as an organic amendment in agricultural soils under Mediterranean climate conditions. OMW was treated by two different treatment processes as economical (E-OMW) and advanced (A-OMW). The treated OMWs and raw OMW (R-OMW) were applied to a loamy soil at a rate of 100 m 3 ha-1 year-1 for 2 years. Soils were sampled 15 days and about 5 months (at harvest) after OMW application for chemical and microbial analyses in each year. The total concentrations of N, P, Cu, Zn, and phenol of R-OMW decreased after both treatment processes while salinity (EC) and the total amounts of K, Na, and Ca increased. The applications of OMW caused changes in soil chemical (pH, EC, P ext , K ext) and microbial (microbial biomass-C (MB-C), microbial biomass-N (MB-N), basal soil respiration (BSR), N-mineralization (N-min)) characteristics (P < 0.05). In the second year of the experiment, initial samplings showed that the values of soil pH and EC increased significantly under all OMW applications compared to the control. High P ext concentrations were determined in soils amended with R-OMW, while there were high K ext concentrations in soils amended with the treated OMWs. The increases determined in MB-C and MB-N at all sampling times resulted in high MB-C/TOC and MB-N/TN ratios in soils amended with the treated OMWs. The wheat grain yield over the 2-year period showed that the application of the treated OMWs had a positive effect. It was determined that no negative effects occurred for either soil properties or wheat growth with the treated OMW applied at rates of up to 100 m 3 ha-1. The addition of treated OMW after removal of its phenolic components may be considered as a good option for evaluating this waste in countries where OMW causes serious environmental pollution.