Background Given increasing incidence of cognitive impairment and dementia, further understanding of modifiable factors contributing to increased healthspan is crucial. Extensive literature provides evidence that physical activity (PA) delays the onset of cognitive impairment; however, it is unclear whether engaging in PA in older adulthood is sufficient to influence progression through cognitive status categories. Methods Applying a coordinated analysis approach, this project independently analyzed fourteen longitudinal studies (NTotal = 52,039; mean baseline age across studies= 69.9-81.73) from North America and Europe using multi-state survival models to estimate the impact of engaging in PA on cognitive status transitions (non-impaired, mildly impaired, severely impaired) and death. Multinomial regression models were fit to estimate life expectancy (LE) based on American PA recommendations. Meta-analyses provided the pooled effect sizes for the role of PA on each transition and estimated LEs. Results Controlling for baseline age, sex, education and chronic conditions, analyses revealed that more PA is significantly associated with decreased risk of transitioning from non-impaired to mildly impaired cognitive functioning and death, as well as substantially longer LE. Results also provided evidence for a protective effect of PA after onset of cognitive impairment (e.g., decreased risk of transitioning from mild to severe cognitive impairment; increased likelihood of transitioning backward from severe to mild cognitive impairment), though between-study heterogeneity suggests a less robust association. Conclusions These results yield evidence for the importance of engaging in PA in older adulthood for cognitive health, and a rationale for motivating older adults to engage consistently in PA.
An extensive body of research has investigated the association between cognition and blood pressure (BP). Limited research, however, has examined the association at the daily within-person level. No study has yet applied an intensive measurement design utilizing the convenience and objectivity of mobile devices for cognitive assessments and automated BP monitors. To address this gap in the literature, we recruited community-residing healthy adults (N=64; Mage=70.6, SD=3.5; 76.6% female), who recorded their BP and completed a battery of brief cognitive tasks twice daily for 14 days. Multi-level models estimated associations between systolic/diastolic BP (sBP/dBP) and cognitive functioning, adjusting for time-varying self-reported effort, stressors, and physical activity, as well as time-invariant variables (age, sex, education, and anti-hypertensive medication). At the interindividual level, results suggest that individuals with higher overall sBP and dBP relative to others performed worse on delayed-reproduction and visual short-term memory tasks. At the intraindividual level, on occasions when individuals had higher sBP compared to their personal average, they performed relatively worse on delayed-reproduction tasks. Mean sBP was also significant within these models, suggesting that this coupled relationship is stronger for individuals with higher sBP on average. Analyses did not indicate significant associations for working memory, reaction time, or cognitive interference assessments, which may have been due to relatively limited power for between-person analyses. Use of such digital health technology is critical for detecting the complex nature of and interplay between physiological and cognitive processes. Further, research based on intraindividual associations may contribute to strategies aiming to promote lifestyle modifications.
Previous cross-sectional research suggests that age-related decreases in Rapid-Eye Movement (REM) sleep may contribute to poorer cognitive functioning (CF); however, few studies have examined the relationship at the intraindividual level by measuring habitual sleep over multiple days. Applying a 14-day daily diary design, the current study examines the dynamic relationship between REM sleep and CF in 69 healthy older adults (M age=70.8 years, SD=3.37; 73.9% female; 66.6% completed at least an undergraduate degree). A Fitbit device provided actigraphy indices of REM sleep (minutes and percentage of total sleep time), while CF was measured four times daily on a smartphone via ambulatory cognitive tests that captured processing speed and working memory. This research addressed the following questions: At the within-person level, are fluctuations in quantity of REM sleep associated with fluctuations in next day cognitive measures across days? Do individuals who spend more time in REM sleep on average, perform better on cognitive tests than adults who spend less time in REM sleep? A series of multilevel models were fit to examine the extent to which each index of sleep accounted for daily fluctuations in performance on next day cognitive tests. Results indicated that during nights when individuals had more REM sleep minutes than was typical, they performed better on the working memory task the next morning (estimate = -.003, SE = .002, p = .02). These results highlight the impact of REM sleep on CF, and further research may allow for targeted interventions for earlier treatment of sleep-related cognitive impairment.
71.7% and 41.7%, respectively. MNA results showed that only 11.7% of the old man was in good nutrition, up to 68.3% was in potential risk of malnutrition and 20.0% was malnutrition. Staple foods, milk and products, vegetables and edible oil were 233.3g/ day, 46.5 g/day, 165.0 g/day and 6.4 g/day, respectively. Results of ADL survey showed that disabled accounted for 28.3%, and in which 58.9% of light disabled, 23.6% for moderate and 17.6% for severe disabled. Subjects of BMI<18.5kg/m 2 accounted for 36.6%, anemia, low-protein and low-albumin accounted for 56.7%,16.7% and 46.7%, respectively. From the MoCA Scale test, the declined cognitive abilities accounted for 48.1% totally. The correlation coefficient between cognitive score and staple foods, milk and products, beans, vegetables was 0.97, 0.90, 0.94 and 0.97 respectively. Conclusions:The nutrition and cognition ability in nursing homes was severe and more attention should be paid for improvement of nutrition prevention among older adults lived in nursing home.
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