Studies of the prevalence and incidence of malaria were conducted in children < 10 years old living in 10 rural villages on the island of Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, south-west Pacific. Malaria prevalence remained stable at 30% throughout the year but the relative contributions of the 2 major species were highly dependent on season. Plasmodium falciparum predominated in the long wet season (November-May) and P. vivax in the dry season (June-October). Case definitions for malaria, derived using a multiple logistic regression method, showed that parasite densities associated with clinical disease were low; case definitions for P. falciparum (> 1000 parasites/microL in children > 1 year old and > 500 microL in infants) and P. vivax (> 500 parasites/microL at all ages) were both associated with a specificity and sensitivity of > 90%. Like prevalence data, malaria morbidity was highly seasonal; 80% of clinical P. falciparum infections occurred in the wet season and 66% of clinical P. vivax in the dry season. Mixed infections were rare. Malaria was important cause of morbidity with children < 5 years old experiencing 1.3-3.0 episodes of clinical malaria per year and 23% of fevers being attributable to malaria in this age group. Children aged 5-9 years continued to suffer one episode of clinical malaria per year. The peak incidence of P. vivax malaria occurred earlier in life than the peak incidence of P. falciparum malaria. The possible interactions between these 2 parasite species are discussed.

We studied the aetiology of malnutrition in a cohort of 1511 children < 10 years old in Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu. Malnutrition was categorized using standard anthropometric criteria as: underweight [weight-for-age (WA) Z score < -2], wasting [weight-for-height (WH) Z < -2], or stunting [height-for-age (HA) Z < -2]. On multiple logistic regression analysis, the only factors significantly associated with wasting were age < 5 years [OR (95% CI) 1.8 (1.2-2.9), p = 0.01] and having suffered one or more episodes of clinical P. vivax malaria in the 6 months preceding nutritional assessment [OR 2.4 (1.3-4.4), p = 0.006]. The incidence of P. vivax infection was significantly higher during the 6 months preceding assessment in underweight vs. non-underweight children [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 2.6 (1.5-4.4), p < or = 0.0001). These groups had similar incidences of clinical P. falciparum infection during the same period [IRR 1.1 (0.57-2.1) p = 0.8] and of either species during the 6 months following assessment [IRR P. vivax 1.3 (0.9-2.0) p = 0.2; IRR P. falciparum 1.3 (0.9-1.9) p = 0.2]. In these children, P. vivax malaria was a major predictor of acute malnutrition; P. falciparum was not. Wasting neither predisposed to nor protected against malaria of either species. Although P. vivax malaria is generally regarded as benign, it may produce considerable global mortality through malnutrition.

Background: Despite the most significant efforts of many experts to provide natural therapeutic therapies, spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic event with limited functional recovery. After a spinal cord injury, paraplegia can develop. Damage to the ligaments, vertebrae, or discs of the spinal column causes this. Paraplegia is the loss of muscle function in the lower half of the body, including both legs. Leg paralysis, in this case in which affects all parts of the pelvic organs, legs, and torso. This is partly owing to the complex character of SCI, which involves a great deal of disarray and malfunction as a result of the initial injury. Secondary degeneration is caused by neurotoxicity, vascular malfunction, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and demyelination. Presentation of Case: 34year old male patient with wedge compression was diagnosed on x-ray after a fall from the tree. Discussion: The requirements for regeneration, rehabilitation, and neuroprotection appear to necessitate a diverse set of therapeutic approaches that can be used at different stages of the post-injury response. Conclusion: We'll focus on one strategy, in particular, physical training/exercise, which looks to have a wide range of applications and benefits for those with a chronic or acute SCI.

Due to its widening geographical range, Japanese encephalitis (JE) has lately been named a notifiable disease in India. The disease notification makes it easier to put preventive measures in place and manage cases. JE is a vector-borne disease that is preventable with vaccination. The virus that causes it is the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which belongs to the Flaviviridae family. The present case report is of an infant of 18 months old presented with problems of decreased tone, loss of developmental achieved milestones and convulsions with severe fever. On examination there was hypotonia, lack on neck control, difficulty in rolling, low pitch cry and smile. We managed the child with standard physiotherapy protocol. We framed goals focusing both on preventing complications and promoting recovery. We gave treatment for a period of 4 weeks. We measured Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Gross motor function measure (GMFM-88) Pre and post treatment. We would like conclude our case report by mentioning the importance early and goal specific supportive and restorative care to a child will enable him or her to take more vigorous physiotherapy care in future for restoring sensorimotor and behavioral function.

Stroke is defined as a clinical illness characterised by a sudden onset of cerebral impairment that lasts more than 24 hours or results in death with no obvious explanation other than a vascular origin.Every year, around 800,000 people have a stroke, or one every 40 seconds. Strokes are caused by difficulties with the brain's blood supply: either the blood supply is cut off or a blood artery within the brain bursts, killing brain tissue. A stroke is a medical emergency that requires immediate medical attention. Present case report is of a 39-year-old male with right side weakness. Patient’s right upper limb recovery stage was 1 going towards 2, and lower limb recovery stage was 2 going towards 3 on first day of assessment. Patient was treated with Neurodevelopmental therapy combined with conventional physiotherapy for a period of 8 weeks. Balance, Gait parameters and tone evaluated on day 1 and on last day of treatment. There was tremendous improvement in balance and gait parameters along with normalisation of tone. Thugs wee would like to conclude that early NDT along with conventional therapy can improve gross motor function in patients with subacute stroke.