The purpose of this paper is to propose foundations for a theory of situation awareness based on the analysis of interactions between agents (i.e., both human and nonhuman) in subsystems. This approach may help promote a better understanding of technology-mediated interaction in systems, as well as helping in the formulation of hypotheses and predictions concerning distributed situation awareness. It is proposed that agents within a system each hold their own situation awareness which may be very different from (although compatible with) other agents. It is argued that we should not always hope for, or indeed want, sharing of this awareness, as different system agents have different purposes. This view marks situation awareness as a 1
There is increasing interest in the use of social network analysis as a tool to study the performance of teams and organisations. In this paper processes of command and control in the emergency services are explored from the perspective of social network theory. We report network analyses based on the observation of six emergency service incidents comprising of three Fire service operations involving the treatment of hazardous chemicals and three Police operations involving immediate response to emergency calls.Finally, the findings are discussed in terms of our attempts to categorise the networks in terms of their structure and the relationship between those structures and the qualities those networks display in the context of the incidents reported. We suggest that social network analysis may have a valuable part to play in the general study of command and control.
This paper applies the event analysis for systemic teamwork (EAST) method to an example of military command and control. EAST offers a way to describe system level emergent properties that arise from the complex interactions of system components (human and technical). These are described using an integrated methods approach and modelled using Task, Social and Propositional networks. The current article is divided into three parts: a brief description of the military command and control context, a brief description of the EAST method, and a more in depth presentation of the analysis outcomes. The emergent properties of the military scenario relate to the degree of system reconfigurability, systems level situational awareness and the role of mediating technology. The findings are compared with similar analyses undertaken in civilian domains, in which the latest developments in command and control, under the aegis of Network Enabled Capability (NEC), are already in place.
This paper reports on five different models of command and control. Four different models are reviewed: a process model, a contextual control model, a decision ladder model and a functional model. Further to this, command and control activities are analysed in three distinct domains: armed forces, emergency services and civilian services. From this analysis, taxonomies of command and control activities are developed that give rise to an activities model of command and control. This model will be used to guide further research into technological support of command and control activities.Keywords: command and control, models, taxonomy, activities Contact: neville.stanton@brunel.ac.ukRunning header: Activities model of command and control
Four models of command and controlThe purpose of this paper is to investigate alternative models of command and control. In particular, the paper presents the development of an activity model and contrasts this with control, contextual, decision and functional models that have been proposed by other researchers. The purpose of the activity model is to provide a research tool that may be applied to any command and control domain. It is claimed that this model will enable researchers to conduct investigations into different aspects of command and control in a systematic manner. The main aims of any model are to simplify complexity and to provide the basis for predictions of performance of the phenomena under consideration.
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