We demonstrate a new femtosecond visible pump/mid-IR probe spectroscopic approach to assess directly the ground- and excited-state degrees of charge transfer (CT) in donor-spacer-acceptor (D-Sp-A) structures. Two classes of (porphinato)zinc(II) (PZn)-based D-Sp-A compounds with either quinonyl (Q) or N-(N'-octyl)pyromellitic diimide (PI) electron acceptors were interrogated. Carbonyl antisymmetric stretching mode frequency domain transient-IR spectra of these species were recorded and analyzed for the Q/PI moieties. These data show that the acceptor mode frequency shift, DeltanuA, determined by this method provides a more accurate measure of the degree of CT in ground and charge-separated states relative to other techniques which rely on the ground-state frequency shift alone. This approach enables determination of new experimental benchmarks to test the power of complimentary computational methods and provides a means to probe the degree of CT in transitions that either overlap strongly with other bands or possess low oscillator strength.
Object. The authors performed spinal ultrasonography and/or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in 20 consecutive newborns with spinal strawberry nevi.Methods. In 15 patients the strawberry nevi were isolated and in five they were associated with other cutaneous markers of occult spinal dysraphism (OSD). In four of five patients with additional cutaneous markers, but in none of those without, MR imaging and surgical exploration demonstrated OSD. The authors found that strawberry nevi in isolation do not appear to indicate underlying dysraphic states. The sparse clinical literature on this topic, which is reviewed, confirms an association between OSD and strawberry nevi presenting in conjunction with other cutaneous signatures. By contrast, spinal strawberry nevi occurring alone may not indicate the presence of underlying dysraphism.Conclusions. A prospective study of larger numbers of patients with isolated strawberry nevi, undergoing MR imaging evaluation, is necessary to determine whether neuroimaging screening in these patients is indicated.
The social norms approach predicts that campaign messages providing true normative information about widely misperceived health behaviors will reduce the gap between distorted perceptions versus actual practices and consequently reduce behaviors based on exaggerated norms. Formative evaluation of messages designed to effectively convey true norms informed by social judgment theory (SJT) should measure the boundaries of the latitudes of acceptance, noncommitment, and rejection for normative information. This study found that these latitudes were significantly different from one another in believability. SJT predicts that a campaign based on a norm falling in the latitude of noncommitment will be likely to be effective. A series of messages using the true norm, which fell within the latitude of noncommitment, were part of a campaign. The gap in perceived versus actual drinking and the difference in perceived number of drinks was reduced, while self-reports of consumption of five or fewer drinks increased significantly.Social norms campaigns have been conducted on many college campuses to combat extreme drinking, drug use, smoking, and other risky and harmful behaviors by means of communicating the healthy attitudes and behaviors to the majority of students. The focus of the campaign described here was to reduce high-risk consumption of alcohol. This is important because extreme alcohol use is a serious problem on college campuses, often resulting in negative outcomes such as physical injury to self and others, academic harm, engaging in risky sexual behavior, interpersonal and family conflict, and impaired driving and accidents, among others
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