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Premise of the StudyWe present an innovative technique for sampling, identifying, and locating plant populations that release pollen, without extensive ground surveys. This method (1) samples pollen at random locations within the target species’ habitat, (2) detects species’ presence using morphological pollen analysis, and (3) uses kriging to predict likely locations of populations to focus future search efforts.MethodsTo demonstrate, we applied the pollen sleuthing system to search for artificially constructed populations of Brassica rapa in an old field. Population size varied from 0–100 flowers labeled with artificial pollen (paint pellets). After characterizing the landscape, we pan‐trapped 2762 potential insect vectors from random locations across the field and washed particulate matter from their bodies to assess artificial pollen abundance with a microscope.ResultsPopulation size greatly influenced artificial pollen detection success; following random pollen trap sampling and interpolation, ground surveys would be best focused on identified areas with high pollen density and low variation in pollen density. Sampling sites most successfully detected artificial pollen when they were located at higher elevations, near showy flowering plants that were not grasses.DiscussionDetection of nascent populations using the proposed system is possible but accuracy will depend on local environmental factors (e.g., wind, elevation). Conservation and invasive species control programs may be improved by using this approach.
More than 500,000 total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgeries were performed in 2006 and the number is expected to continue to increase (S. ). A background in evidence-based nursing care will assist any nurse assigned in caring for a postoperative TKA patient. Strong pain assessment and reassessment skills with an understanding of multimodal pain management benefits pain control and patient recovery from TKA surgery. Safe mobilization and therapy techniques that reflect evidence-based practice will keep patients safe. Providing nursing interventions that prevent complications from infections or thromboembolism will reduce never events from occurring. This article will present evidence for the care of a postoperative TKA patient.
There are gaps in abundance, distribution, and biological information for many at-risk species, likely because of surveying difficulties. I outline these gaps for Canadian plant species and also suggest species-specific traits that hint at which species are difficult to assess in the field, therefore making them more likely to report missing data. A metaanalysis of COSEWIC listed plant species revealed that only 103 (60%) species had available status reports in 2013. Furthermore, 20% of those species had at least one missing population. Fifty-eight percent of missing information was attributable to missing abundance estimates, 24% percent to geographical information, and 18% to biological information. Finally, a Poisson distribution ANCOVA revealed no significant differences between species reporting uncertain populations and species not reporting such populations, nor in the amount of missing data they reported, with respect to any of the traits identified as potential indicators of surveying difficulty.
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