To preserve semantic equivalence in the remaining tests (BVMT-R, DKEFS sorting test, CVLT-II), first a bilingual translator translated the tests into Italian; then, back translation into English was performed by an independent translator. Original and back-translated versions were compared to assure their equivalence. For DKEFS sorting test and CVLT-II an iterative process of modification, including cultural adaptation of some words, was undertaken as these tests emphasize verbal stimuli. Tests were administered in a standardized manner in accordance with consensus panel recommendations (2-3).

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system that causes cognitive impairment with a frequency of roughly 50%. While processing speed and memory defects are most commonly observed, a substantial number of patients also have deficiency in higher executive ability. Two tests, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Sorting Test from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS), have been recommended for evaluation of neuropsychological impairment in MS. We investigated the validity of these tests in 111 MS patients and 46 age- and education-matched controls. MS patients performed more poorly on both measures, but only the DKEFS discriminated the groups after controlling for depression. Both tests were modestly or strongly correlated with MRI indices of brain atrophy or lesion burden and discriminated between employed and disabled patients. While both tests appear to have good validity in the MS population, the availability of alternative forms makes the DKEFS an attractive alternative to the WCST, as was suggested by a consensus panel.

The value of self-reported memory complaints for identifying or predicting future cognitive decline or dementia is controversial, but observations from a third party, or “informant”, may prove more useful. The relationship between Informant and Self ratings of cognitive status and neuropsychological test scores was examined in a cohort of 384 non-demented, community-dwelling women, aged sixty and older, participating in a single-site Women’s Health Initiative ancillary study. Each participant and her respective informant separately completed the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE)1. Participants also underwent neuropsychological testing and responded to questionnaires on depression and functioning in complex activities of daily living. All neuropsychological test scores were significantly correlated (p-values <.05 to <.01) with Informant IQCODE ratings while Self ratings overestimated cognitive functioning in some domains. Furthermore, the Self and Informant ratings were both positively correlated with depression and negatively correlated with participants’ activity level. Therefore, Informant judgments of functional abilities are robust predictors of cognitive status in high functioning non-demented women. These results suggest that informants may be sensitive to changes that are not clinically significant but that may represent an incipient trend for decline.

These findings indicate LTT and SDT may prove useful for monitoring psychomotor skills in INPH. While completion time reflects impaired processing speed, reduced accuracy may suggest planning and self-monitoring difficulties, aspects of executive functioning known to be compromised in INPH. This is the first study to underscore the importance of performance accuracy in INPH and introduce practical/reliable error scoring for these tasks. Future work will establish reliability and validity of these measures and determine their utility as outcome tools.

The Brief Visuospatial Memory Test - Revised (BVMT-R) is a reliable and well-validated test of visual-spatial memory with six equivalent, alternate forms. While the BVMT-R is commonly used in the evaluation of patients with craniocerebral trauma, schizophrenia, and multiple sclerosis (MS), the range of variables is limited. In this study, we developed new BVMT-R error and recall consistency indices. Inter-rater reliability and validity for the new indices were examined in 70 MS patients and 72 healthy volunteers. In addition to poorer general performance, MS patients made more intrusions and qualitative errors, and showed a trend toward poorer BVMT-R recall consistency. Findings suggest these error types and inconsistent learning contribute to poorer recall of visual material in MS.

Although ~50% of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) experience depression, treatment for this important and debilitating comorbidity is relatively understudied. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been increasingly utilized for the management of tremors in progressive PD. Several preliminary studies have shown the potential benefit of DBS for non-motor PD symptoms such as depression. Here, we critically evaluate seven recent randomized clinical trials of the effectiveness of DBS in reducing depressive symptomatology among individuals with PD. Findings are mixed for the effectiveness of DBS as a treatment for depression in PD. Our review suggests that this is due, in large part, to the anatomical and methodological variation across the DBS studies. We provide a comprehensive discussion of these variations and highlight the need to conduct larger, more controlled studies aimed specifically at evaluating the treatment of depression in PD patients.

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