Chromodorid nudibranchs (16 genera, 300+ species) are beautiful, brightly colored sea slugs found primarily in tropical coral reef habitats and subtropical coastal waters. The chromodorids are the most speciose family of opisthobranchs and one of the most diverse heterobranch clades. Chromodorids have the potential to be a model group with which to study diversification, color pattern evolution, are important source organisms in natural products chemistry and represent a stunning and widely compelling example of marine biodiversity. Here, we present the most complete molecular phylogeny of the chromodorid nudibranchs to date, with a broad sample of 244 specimens (142 new), representing 157 (106 new) chromodorid species, four actinocylcid species and four additional dorid species utilizing two mitochondrial markers (16s and COI). We confirmed the monophyly of the Chromodorididae and its sister group relationship with the Actinocyclidae. We were also able to, for the first time, test generic monophyly by including more than one member of all 14 of the non-monotypic chromodorid genera. Every one of these 14 traditional chromodorid genera are either non-monophyletic, or render another genus paraphyletic. Additionally, both the monotypic genera Verconia and Diversidoris are nested within clades. Based on data shown here, there are three individual species and five clades limited to the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans (or just one of these ocean regions), while the majority of chromodorid clades and species are strictly Indo-Pacific in distribution. We present a new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. We use molecular data to untangle evolutionary relationships and retain a historical connection to traditional systematics by using generic names attached to type species as clade names.

publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Contributions to conservation outcomes by natural history museum-led citizen science: Examining evidence and next steps journaltitle: Biological Conservation articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.040 content_type: article copyright: © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd

This work provides an account of the s),stcmatics and phylogeny of Hy/)cr/odori.c. Aspects of the morpholoLgy of 42 species arc described and the systematic status of an additional 1 I species is discussed. T\vclvc nc\v species arc dcscri1,c.d: Hypselodoris alboterminata, H. bertschi, H. bollandi, H. fucata, H. iacula, H. insulana, H, krakatoa, H. paulinae, H. reidi, H. rudmani, H. uiolabranchia and H. zephyra. A Iihylogcnctic analysis supports the monophyly of H@.wloduri\ and Ri,ybec.in. T\vo distinct cladcs of Hj/i.\e/odu~-i.\ are present.One contains species from the Atlantic and eastern Pacific \vliile the other contains species limited to thr Indo-Pacific tropics and adjacent temperate regions. Species from the Atlantic and eastern Pacific arc bluish in body colour and have a plcsiomorphically large rcccptaculum scminis while Itido-Pacific taxa arc variably coloured and all have a minutc rcceptaculum seminis. The distribution and size of mantle glands provides a \vcalth of morphological characters. iliith fc\v exceptions, mantle glands vary in closely related species and arc important for distinguishing mcmhers of smaller clades. Mantle gland distribution is therefore useful in identifying prrscned material that is difficult to identify to species in the absence of the picgment of living specimens. Similar colour patterns found in sympatric species of Hypsdodoris appear to br a result of both common descent and con\w-gencc het\veen less closcly related linragcs. Biogeographic distributions of sister taxa provide sevcral examples of \icariancc. Examination of these cases sho\vs that no single vicariant pattern is prrscnt, but vicariance appears to occur at the margins of the Indo-Pacific rather than centrally. Some vicariancc occurs even within archipelagos such as the Ha\vaiian Islands. These cases largely refute the generality o f the h)pothesis of Springer (1982), that Pacific Plate and Australasian Plate rndemic sister taxa should prcdominatc. 0 1999 Thc I.i~iiic~~ii Socicry ol L.oirdix1

Johnson, R. F. (2010). Breaking family ties: taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda). -Zoologica Scripta, 40, 137-157. Although researchers have debated the monophyly of the diverse chromodorid nudibranchs (Chromodorididae) for over 100 years, the monophyly of this family has not been properly tested. Recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies have added to the debate, but have not used appropriate methods to resolve this issue. I investigate how outgroup choice and taxon sampling influences tree topology and in turn the recovery of chromodorid monophyly. As a demonstration of these potential methodological problems, I then present phylogenies resulting from different taxon-sampling schemes using the same molecular data. Taxon sampling has a strong influence on the resulting phylogenies. With comprehensive taxon sampling and outgroup selection, Cadlina is not a member of the Chromodorididae. The chromodorid nudibranchs without Cadlina are monophyletic and possibly sister to the Actinocyclidae. Additionally, I found, for the first time, support for most current family groupings in the Doridoidea. I propose a new classification in which Cadlina is not considered a member of the Chromodorididae. Instead, I resurrect the family name Cadlinidae to include the genera Cadlina and Aldisa.

Online citizen science projects have broadened options for accessing science and enabled different forms of participation in scientific research for adult and young volunteers. Yet, little is known regarding participation patterns among youth participants. Quantitative approaches were used to investigate the contribution of 183 young volunteers to citizen science on the iNaturalist platform and the participation behaviour that relates to their contribution. The participants accessed and used iNaturalist as part of one-day field-based events (bioblitzes) facilitated by museums. Compared to the observation behaviour of all iNaturalist users, as documented on the platform, the young volunteers observe fewer plants and birds, and more molluscs, arachnids and insects. The average daily contributions of young volunteers were found to be positively associated with a large proportion of active days on iNaturalist and a systematic contribution behaviour, yet negatively related to a long duration on the platform. This study enhances our understanding of young volunteers’ contributions to citizen science and provides insights for research on participation in online citizen science. Our findings have implications on how museums design the field-based events to encourage follow-up systematic participation and maintain active contribution.

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Opportunistic and unstructured observations of biodiversity crowdsourced from volunteers, community, and citizen scientists make up an increasingly large proportion of our global biodiversity knowledge. This incredible wealth of information exists in real time at both high resolutions and large extents of space, time, and taxonomy, thus holding huge potential to fill gaps in global biodiversity monitoring coverage in a cost‐effective way. Yet, the full potential of these data to provide essential indicators of biodiversity change for both research and management remains mostly unrealized, in large part due to the prevailing perception that the lack of standardization presents an unsurmountable barrier. In this paper, we provide an overview of the main challenges of working with unstructured community‐contributed data and synthesize the four fundamental approaches to overcome these challenges and extract useful inferences of biodiversity change, namely: 1) reverse‐engineering survey structure; 2) borrowing strength across taxa; 3) modeling the observation process, and; 4) integrating standardized data sources. To illustrate each of these approaches, we provide examples comparing community‐contributed observations crowdsourced via iNaturalist with long‐term standardized monitoring surveys for a subset of rocky intertidal organisms on the California coast from 2010 to 2019. We conclude by highlighting ways forward for the successful integration of unstructured community‐contributed observations within the global ecosystem of biodiversity change monitoring tools. Our ultimate goal is to update the prevailing perception among researchers and practitioners that unstructured community‐contributed observations of biodiversity are too noisy to use, and help establish this data stream as a key tool for research and management.

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