ContentsThe collection of epididymal sperm is an option for preservation of germplasm of genetically superior animals that need to be orchiectomized or have died. The extender type used to freeze sperm is important to avoid spermatozoal membrane damage and to preserve semen quality after cryopreservation. The objective of this study was to verify the effects of a commercial bovine extender (Bovimix ® ; Nutricell, Campinas) and a traditional TRIS-citric acidglucose-egg yolk-7% glycerol extender on cryopreservation of canine epididymal sperm. The testes of 13 adult dogs were kept at 5°C for 24 h in saline solution, and epididymal sperm was recovered in Ringers solution without lactate and were evaluated for motility. Samples with ! 80% motility were pooled and then divided before dilution and packaging in 0.5 ml plastic straws, equilibration at 4°C for 1 h, freezing in nitrogen vapour for 20 min and storing at À196°C. The straws were thawed at 56°C for 10 s and were evaluated for motility by computer assisted analysis (CASA). The semen parameters, sperm movement index, linearity, total motility and rapid progressive motility were statistically higher in Bovimix ® than TRIS. In contrast, amplitude of lateral head displacement, slow sperm and static sperm were lower in Bovimix ® . Despite the high percentage of sperm defects in epididymal cells, regardless of the extender, we concluded that Bovimix ® is a viable alternative for the freezing of canine epididymal sperm. IntroductionDomestic dogs are not only companions but also excellent experimental models because of the similarity of the reproductive physiology with the wild species and humans. Obtaining semen directly from the epididymal tails and vas deferens is a technique that has been frequently used for the purposes of assisted reproduction (Martins et al. 2009). The process of cryopreservation may cause irreversible damage to the sperm membrane interfering with its viability. During the cryopreservation process, sperm cells are exposed to many stressors, which may be linked to thermal shock during cooling of the semen, the formation of intracellular ice crystals or osmotic shock during freezing and thawing or stress and action of cryoprotectants (Watson 2000). Therefore, choosing an extender with optimum properties for preserving sperm morphology and function may be the key to successful semen freezing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on sperm viability using two different extenders, a commercial bovine extender (Bovimix ® ; Nutricell Ltda,Campinas, Brazil) and the Tris extender (Martins 2005) to freeze the epididymal spermatozoa. Materials and MethodsEpididymides were obtained from 13 mixed-breed dogs (age range 2-8 years, body weight <15 kg) by elective orchiectomy. After surgery, the testicles were kept at 5°C for 24 h in saline solution. After that time, the caudal portion of each epididymis and approximately 1.0 cm of the transition of epididymal tail into the deferential duct were squeezed into a Petri dish containing Ringers solution w...

ResumoPiometra é uma afecção resultante da interação bacteriana com a hiperplasia cística do endométrio. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar bactérias em condições de aerobiose e anaerobiose da secreção intrauterina de cadelas com piometra, presença da síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica, status da cérvix, peritonite, dosagens bioquímicas séricas e comparar com o prognóstico de cadelas tratadas cirurgicamente. Utilizaram-se 15 cadelas com piometra, submetidas à ovariohisterectomia. Hemogramas e dosagens séricas de ureia, creatinina, FA e ALT foram realizados no pré-operatório imediato. Coletou-se urina por cistocentese. Após a remoção do útero e ovários, a secreção intrauterina foi aspirada; as amostras foram então cultivadas em aerobiose e anaerobiose, as amostras de urina em aerobiose. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, G1 (alta hospitalar em até 48 horas) e G2 (alta hospitalar após 48 horas ou óbito). Onze amostras de conteúdo intrauterino (73,3%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano em aerobiose e anaerobiose e em uma amostra isolou-se Arizona hinshawii. Quatro amostras de urina (26,6%) tiveram crescimento bacteriano. Houve diferença significativa das variáveis status da cérvix, ureia, creatinina e fosfatase alcalina entre G1 e G2. Embora a diversidade etiológica encontrada nas culturas de conteúdo intrauterino tenha sido alta, a avaliação da azotemia, status da cérvix e dosagem de FA sérica mostraram-se bons marcadores prognósticos em cadelas com piometra. Palavras-chave: Anaerobiose; Creatinina; Hiperplasia Endometrial Cística; Microbiologia; SIRS. AbstractPyometra is a disease resulting from bacterial interaction with cystic endometrial hyperplasia. The aim of this study was to identify bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions of intrauterine

ABSTRACT.-Justino R.C., Cardoso G.S., Trautwein L.G.C., Dessunti G.T., Oliveira D.V., Bernardes R. & Martins M.I.M. 2014. Uterine lymphangiography: comparison of two methods for locating the medial iliac lymph node. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 34(11):1121-1126. Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia, Londrina, PR 86061-900, Brazil. E-mail: imartins@uel.br Different methods for lymphatic mapping in dogs, such as infusing tissues with vital dyes or radioactive substances, have been studied, aiming at the early detection of lymph node metastasis. Thus, one could anticipate therapeutic measures and, consequently, prolong the survival and improve the quality of life of the patients. The objectives of this experiment were to locate the nodes responsible for draining the uterine body and horns and to try to establish the relationship between the uterus and the medial iliac lymph nodes to contribute to the early diagnosis and prognosis of uterine disorders. We studied 15 female dogs divided into two groups (5 dead and 10 intraoperative ovariohysterectomy bitches). The dye used was patent blue V (Patent Bleu V ® ). It was observed that the iliac lymph node chain receives much of the uterine (horns) drainage. This method should be considered for safer studies of uterine sanity. This information suggests that evaluating these lymph nodes will allow correlating changes in their physiological status with uterine pathologies.INDEX TERMS: Sacral lymph node, aortic lymph node, vital dye, bitches.

A piometra é uma doença inflamatória uterina, de caráter emergencial, associada ao acúmulo intrauterino de pus. Novos conceitos acerca de sua patogenia foram propostos nas últimas décadas, incluindo novos métodos de tratamento e estadiamento da doença, visando auxiliar o clínico em sua rotina diária. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de atuar como guia para o diagnóstico da piometra canina, doença de elevada incidência no Brasil.

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ResumoO carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) é uma das neoplasias mais frequentemente observadas no trato genital de cães. O tratamento de eleição para o CCE é a exérese com ampla margem cirúrgica (1 a 3 cm), porém quando a região prepucial está comprometida, se torna difícil obter margem adequada, tanto pela anatomia da região quanto pelas características agressivas dessa neoplasia. A penectomia com uretrostomia pré-escrotal seria a técnica mais indicada nesses casos, entretanto, complicações pós-cirúrgicas podem reduzir a qualidade e a expectativa de vida do animal. O objetivo deste relato foi demonstrar uma técnica cirúrgica conservativa, com base em plásticas reconstrutivas com retalhos cutâneos, como tratamento para CCE em prepúcio e região inguinal, associada ao uso do piroxicam como terapia adjuvante. O animal não apresentou recidiva do tumor ou complicações secundárias ao tratamento até a última avaliação, um ano após o término do tratamento.Palavras-chave: canino, cirúrgica reconstrutiva, neoplasia, região inguinal, piroxicam. AbstractSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most frequently neoplasms observed in genital tract in dogs. The treatment of choice for the CCE is the excision with wide surgical margin (1-3 cm), but when the foreskin region is committed becomes difficult to obtain adequate margin, due both the anatomy of the region and the aggressive characteristics of this neoplasm. The penectomy with pre-scrotal urethrostomy would be the most suitable technique in such cases, however, postoperative complications may reduce the quality and expectancy of life. The objective of this report was to present a conservative surgical technique, based on reconstructive plastic with skin flap as a treatment for SCC in prepuce and inguinal region, associated with the use of piroxicam as adjuvant therapy. The dog was evaluated during one year after the end of treatment and haven't showed any tumor recurrence or secondary complications to treatment.

Background: Sertolioma is a slow-growing, non-invasive, firm and nodular tumor, malignant in 10% to 22% of cases and with low metastatic potential. Old age and cryptorchidism increase up to 26 times its chances of development and associates it with malignancy. Paraneoplastic syndrome, shown in 20% to 30% of the animals, is due to the aromatization of testosterone or the direct production of estrogen by tumor cells, leading to signs of feminization and bone marrow aplasia. The objective of this article is to report a case of sertolioma in a dog with dermatological characteristic symptoms, but presenting an unusual aggressive behavior, both completely reverted after castration. Case: A 9-year-old, uncastrated, aggressive and uncontrollable Canadian Husky dog was treated at the Institutional Veterinary Hospital with parapenial volume increase and generalized alopecia. A scrotal testis of reduced size and flaccid consistency and a mass in a parapenial region of 11 x 7.5 x 8 cm in diameter, with a cystic contour, adhered to the abdominal musculature and painless to palpation were detected. Cytology of the parapenial mass presented an image compatible with seminoma or sertolioma, and the preputial smear revealed a predominance of superficial cells. Ultrasound examination showed a heterogeneous inguinal mass, with expansive cystic area, compatible with mass in retained inguinal testis. Therapeutic course consisted of bilateral orchiectomy. Ectopic testis was firm to the cut, had whitish to yellowish coloration and was surrounded by a tunica containing 200 mL of serosanguinolent liquid. The histology of the mass revealed sertolioma-compatible cell characteristics, with cell proliferation circumvented by fibrous connective tissue forming poorly delimited lobes, moderate polymorphism with elongated cells, arranged in a palisade at the periphery of the lobes, vacuolated eosinophilic cytoplasm and vesiculous round nuclei. The unretained testicle revealed signs of atrophy. After surgery the patient showed a progressive improvement of the dermatological symptoms. However, what most caught the attention was the change in aggressive behavior, and fifteen days after surgery the animal was extremely docile and easily restrained during the clinical examination. Discussion: Hyperesthyrogenism due to sertolioma results from: 1) direct synthesis of estrogen by neoplastic tumor cells 2) increase in metabolism by central conversion (testicular cells) or peripheral hepatocytes, myocytes, adipocytes, hair follicles and neural tissue) androgens into estrogen through the aromatization of testosterone and 3) androgen and estrogen rate imbalance. Testosterone is considered responsible for the aggressive behavior in males, evidenced by the decrease of this behavior when the testicles are removed, and by the reinstallation of this behavior when the hormonal replacement is done. However, research on mice showed that estrogen-sensitive regulatory pathways also play a role in promoting this behavior. Although practically undetectable in male circu...

E. coli is the main bacteria isolated from infected uterus and bacterial endotoxin can lead to fatal endotoxic shock. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) precedes the endotoxic shock. Thus, early recognition of SIRS is important for patient treatment and prognostic. In Brazil, Gram positive bacteria are responsible for approximately 20% of all pyometra cases, and there is limited information about pathophysiology of shock and tissue injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of Gram positive bacteria to cause SIRS in bitches with pyometra. A prospective follow-up of 67 bitches with pyometra was performed, which were classified as SIRS + and SIRS-on admission. All bitches were surgically treated (ovariohysterectomy), uterine contents were collected in a sterile manner and the material was submitted to microbiological evaluation. Were identified in 55.2% of bitches E. coli (G1), 23.9% other Gram negative bacteria (G2) and 20.9% Gram positive bacteria (G3). The leukocyte profile, serum biochemistry and prevalence of SIRS were similar between the groups. It is concluded that Gram positive bacteria have the capacity to promote tissue damage and can lead the patient to death after SIRS and shock, as well as by E. coli and other Gram negative. Key words: Bacteria etiology. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia. SIRS. ResumoA Escherichia coli é reportada como principal agente etiológico da piometra canina e as endotoxinas bacterianas podem desencadear choque endotóxico e óbito. A síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS) antecede o choque e sua identificação pode predizer o prognóstico do paciente. No Brasil, bactérias Gram positivas são responsáveis por aproximadamente 20% dos casos de piometra, e informações a respeito da fisiopatologia do choque ou da lesão tecidual nesses casos são escassos. Assim, o objetivo foi investigar a capacidade de bactérias Gram positivas desencadear SIRS em cadelas com piometra. Foram acompanhadas de maneira prospectiva 67 cadelas com piometra, que na admissão passaram por exame clínico, exames laboratoriais e foram classificadas como SIRS+ e SIRS-. Todos os animais foram tratados cirurgicamente (ovariohisterectomia), o conteúdo uterino foi coletado de forma estéril e o material foi submetido à avaliação microbiológica. Em 55,2% das cadelas foi identificada E. coli (G1), 23,9% outras bactérias Gram negativas (G2) e 20,9% Gram positivas (G3). O perfil leucocitário, a bioquímica sérica e a prevalência de SIRS foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Conclui-se