This review focuses on recently developed printable biomaterials for bone and mineralized tissue engineering. 3D printing or bioprinting is an advanced technology to design and fabricate complex functional 3D scaffolds, mimicking native tissue for in vivo applications. We categorized the biomaterials into two main classes: 3D printing and bioprinting. Various biomaterials, including natural, synthetic biopolymers and their composites, have been studied. Biomaterial inks or bioinks used for bone and mineralized tissue regeneration include hydrogels loaded with minerals or bioceramics, cells, and growth factors. In 3D printing, the scaffold is created by acellular biomaterials (biomaterial inks), while in 3D bioprinting, cell-laden hydrogels (bioinks) are used. Two main classes of bioceramics, including bioactive and bioinert ceramics, are reviewed. Bioceramics incorporation provides osteoconductive properties and induces bone formation. Each biopolymer and mineral have its advantages and limitations. Each component of these composite biomaterials provides specific properties, and their combination can ameliorate the mechanical properties, bioactivity, or biological integration of the 3D printed scaffold. Present challenges and future approaches to address them are also discussed.

Background: The oral mucosa is damaged in a significant percentage of patients with lupus, with the main oral lesions being ulcers, erythematous lesions, and discoid lesions. The prevalence of these lesions is estimated to vary from 9% to 45% in systemic disease and 3% to 20% in local skin disease. Objectives: One of the symptoms of lupus is its oral manifestations. Therefore, we decided to conduct a study to investigate the prevalence of oral manifestations in lupus patients referred to Shahid Mohammadi Hospital in Bandar Abbas. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the recorded information of patients with lupus referred to Shahid Mohammadi Hospital in Bandar Abbas from 2018 to 2019 was reviewed. All enrolled patients met the American College of Rheumatology criteria for classifying lupus. Recorded information, including demographic characteristics and various clinical manifestations, was recorded after examining the patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software. Results: A total of 76 patients were studied. Of them, 23 (30.2%) were males, and 53 (69.8%) were females. The mean age of the participants was 6.1 ± 42.9. The most common site of oral lesion in the participants was the lip area (36 patients), followed by buccal mucosa (22 patients), hard palate (14 patients), and dorsal surface of the tongue (four patients). The majority of the clinical manifestations of the lesion were wounds (36 individuals), followed by white and red lesions (20 patients), non-cleansing white lesions (12 patients), and red lesions (eight individuals). Conclusions: Oral symptoms are usually the first signs of this disease. For this reason, dentists have an important role to play in diagnosing emerging autoimmune diseases. Ulcers are the most prevalent clinical manifestations, according to this study, and the lips are the most prevalent location. As a result, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, these two findings should be given greater importance than others.

Background: Increasing antibiotic resistance to pathogenic microorganisms (Streptococci) has led scientists around the world to turn to medicinal plants. In this study, the effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Zataria multiflora on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis have been considered and compared with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, the inhibitory growth zone was accessed by the disc diffusion method after 48 h of incubation at 37 C. To find out the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of treatments, colony counts of cultured bacteria on nutrient agar have been considered at serial dilution at 1/2-1/1024 dilution rates. An independent t-test was used to compare the antibacterial effects of extracts while the level of significance of was considered to be 5% (P < 0.05). Results: The inhibitory growth zones of aqueous and alcoholic extracts on S. mutans were 26.8 mm and 35.8 mm, respectively, whereas growth zones for S. sanguis were considered as 25.8 mm and 33.2 mm, sequentially. Comparisons showed better effects of alcohol compared to aqueous extract (P > 0.05). The MIC and MBC assessments showed the same results (P > 0.05). In all comparisons, the effects of 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash were significantly better than both Z. multiflora aqueous and alcoholic extracts (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The different solvents may have contributed to the better effects of an alcoholic to aqueous extract of Z. multiflora on the growth of both bacteria. These two extracts could be used for early inhibition of the growth of the planktonic phase, as well as for better oral taste after chlorhexidine applications.

Background: Tobacco has a high level of carcinogenic components. The maximum effect of the component is on the oral cavity and the location of tobacco. Quantitative studies were conducted according to the oral effect of tobacco usage by people of the south of Iran, specifically in Hormozgan province. In this experiment, the prevalence of oral lesions was studied in people who use tobacco in Hormozgan province in 2018. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 395 patients were examined on oral lesions in Hormozgan province. Data were collected and described by a mean frequency table and then analyzed by an inferential statistical test such as the 2-dimensional chi-square test by SPSS, version 23 (P<0.05). Results: Experiments showed that 75.5% (299 from 395) of patients had mucosal lesions. The most lesions were tobacco pouch, wound, white plaque, and erythematic lesions. In addition, a significant correlation was found among parameters, including all mucosal lesions with time, all mucosal lesions with age (except wound), white plaque and erythematic mucosal lesions with smoking, tobacco pouch, and white plaque with alcohol use. However, no significant correlation was observed between oral mucosal lesions with a history of family oral lesions, tobacco pouch and wound with cigarette usage, and wound and erythematic lesions with alcohol use. Conclusion: Compared with other studies, oral mucosal lesions were highly prevalent in Hormozgan province. The possibility of oral mucosal lesions increases as one gets older; in addition, the duration of tobacco usage is a primary factor for the lesions.

Introduction: Vitamins are generally known to be important in oral health. Some associations have been found between vitamins and dental caries, but these findings have been controversial so far. This study aimed to investigate the associations of dietary intakes of vitamins and DMFT index. Methods and materials: In this cross-sectional study, the study population was 3028 subjects aged 35-70 years from Rafsanjan Cohort Study's Oral Health Branch (OHBRCS) which is a branch of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS). RCS is a part of the prospective epidemiological research studies in IRAN (PERSIAN). Subjects’ demographic information, variables related to oral health, history of underlying diseases, history of smoking, alcohol, and opium use based on questionnaires and checklists produced by the Persian cohort team was obtained and also dietary intakes of vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin B family were collected by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Linier regression analysis was used to investigate the association between intake of dietary vitamins and DMFT (Decayed, Missing, and filled Teeth) using crude and adjusted models. Results: The findings showed low levels of education and socio-economic status, older age, smoking and opium consumption, and decreasing the frequency of brushing are significantly associated with an increase in the DMFT index. DMFT index were more unfavorable in people with dietary intake ≤ median of all measured vitamins. In fully adjusted model, DMFT index showed a significant negative relationship with dietary intakes of Vitamin A, β_carotene, lutein_zea xanthin, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, thiamin, Vitamin B6, and folate (Unstd.B =-0.54, 0.63,0.86,0.49,0.88,0.63,0.66,0.54,respectively). Conclusion: Increasing the intake of Vitamin A, β_carotene, lutein_zea xanthin, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, thiamin, Vitamin B6, and folate may be associated with the low DMFT index, so it is recommended to use more this category of vitamins.