In order to evaluate the effects of nano Zn-Fe oxide and bio fertilizer on physiological traits, antioxidant activity and yield of wheat under salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on RCBD with three replications.Treatments were included salinity in three levels (no-salt, salinity 25 and 50 mM NaCl), four bio fertilizers levels (no bio fertilizer, seed inoculation by Azotobacter, Azosperilium, Pseudomonas) and nano oxide (without nano, application of nano Zn oxide, nano Fe oxide and nano Fe-Zn oxide 1.5 g/lit). Salinty stress decreased the chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat, whearas electrical conductivity, soluble sugars, proline content, and the activities of Catalase (CAT), Peroxidase (POD) and Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) enzymes increased. Similar results were observed in CAT, POD and PPO activities due to inoculation by bio fertilizers and nano oxide. Maximum of soluble sugars and proline content were observed in the highest salinity level and application of Pseudomonas. Application of nano Zn-Fe oxide increased about 17.40% from grain yield in comparision with no application of nano oxide in the highest salinity level. Generally, it was conducted that bio fertilizer and nano oxide can be used as a proper tool for increasing wheat yield under salinity condition.

In order to study antioxidant status and physiological responses of wheat to cycocel (CCC) and bio fertilizers application under water limitation condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2015. Treatments included water limitation in three levels [normal irrigation (I 1 ) as control; moderate water limitation (I 2 ) or irrigation withholding at 50% of heading stage; severe water limitation (I 3 ) or irrigation withholding at 50% of booting stage]; four bio fertilizer levels [(no bio fertilizer (F 0 ), seed inoculation by Azotobacter chrocoocum strain 5 (F 1 ), Pseudomonas putida strain 186 (F 2 ), Azotobacter + Pseudomonas (F 3 ))] and four CCC levels [(without CCC as control (C 0 ), application of 400 (C 1 ), 800 (C 2 ) and 1200 (C 3 ) mg/l)]. The results showed that water limitation decreased the chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, stomata conductance, leaf area index (LAI) and relative water content of wheat, but activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes and proline content were increased. Similar results were observed in CAT, POD and PPO activities due to bio fertilizers and CCC application. Besides the water limitation effects, CCC-treated plants displayed a significant decrease in stomata conductance and LAI. Generally, it was concluded that the application of bio fertilizers and CCC can be a proper tool for increasing wheat yield under water limitation. ARTICLE HISTORY

Irrigation of Salicornia europaea with heavy metal-polluted wastewater is a promising alternative method for risk mitigation of the Urmia Lake ecosystem from uncontrolled sewage. The objective of the study was to evaluate morphological and physicochemical responses of Salicornia europaea under wastewater irrigation at different growth stages. A field experiment was conducted in a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments included control and wastewater irrigation (containing zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni)) at three stages (vegetative, flowering, and reproductive) of plant growth and two times (two and 4 days in each stage). The result showed that the wastewater application at reproductive stage resulted in higher biomass production than that of the control plants. Wastewater irrigation at the flowering stage caused a significant increase in the amount of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll-a, while chlorophyll-b content was decreased at both flowering and reproductive stages. The amount of the total soluble protein was also affected, with wastewater irrigation showing the most significant increase at the reproductive stage. There was significant enhancement of osmolytes in leaves of plant under heavy metal stress, and the increased rate of proline was higher than soluble sugar at the flowering stage. Relative water content in Salicornia was not duration-and time-dependent. A 154% increase in catalase activity, 32% increase in peroxidase activity, and 57% increase in polyphenol oxidase activity were observed in the plant exposed to long-term wastewater duration. Based on the observed positive effect of wastewater on shoot length and weight, total soluble protein, proline, soluble sugar, enzyme activities, and plant biomass of Salicornia europaea, long-term effect of heavy metal-polluted wastewater irrigation can be approved for Salicornia crops in coastal areas.

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