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Background: Headaches disorders have a significant burden on the world. Tension Type Headache is the most common type among primary headaches. Since medical students are exposed to a lot of stress, and it is associated with a tension-type headache, the importance of this study comes.  This study aims to measure the prevalence of tension-type headache among medical students at Tabuk University 2020. Methodology: A cross-sectional study in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia was conducted. The study included medical students at the University of Tabuk in the academic years from 2nd to 6th grades during the calendar year of 2020. An adapted semi-structured self-administered questionnaire was retrieved from other validated questionnaires. The internal validity and reliability of the questionnaire were tested using Cronbach's alpha test and was highly reliable (25 items, α = .715). Both medical and research experts assessed the face and content validity. The data were coded, tabulated, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 27). Results: The total number of the students was 380 (response rate, 78.6%). 55.22% were females, and 44.78% were males their mean age was 21.18 ± SD 1.78 years. Out of the 297 students, only 122 met the diagnostic criteria. The 1-year prevalence Tension Type Headache (TTH) included the three types: frequent TTH 67.2%, 18.0% infrequent TTH, and only 14.8% suffered from chronic TTH. The most common aggravating factors included studying stressors (82%), 68% of the participants reported daily activity interference, and 48.4% reported that headache aggravate with routine physical activities (e.g., walking or climbing stairs). The headache quality varied between throbbing/pulsating (54.9%), pressing/tightening (68.9%) and sharp/stabbing (10.7%). The median headache intensity was 5.25 at pain level score (IQR =2). Only 28% of the students sought counseling where the main analgesic used was Acetaminophen (74%). Many non-pharmacological therapies were practiced by the students to relieve headache, including sleep (60.7%), rest (63.1%) and caffeine (41.8%).23% of the medical students reported that they sought medical counseling to maintain their performance level. There was a statistically significant difference between the average age of medical students suffering from frequent and infrequent TTH,  t(102) = 2.31, p = .023. Conclusion: Tension-type headache is a prevalent type of headache among Saudi medical students. Prevalence and aggravating factors in our study were comparable to previously reported literature. Future studies with large sample size may be required among all university students to define burden of the case in Saudi Arabia.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) overpowers glucagon secretion, endorses satiety, postpones gastric draining, and arouses peripheral glucose consumption. This systematic review was carried out including PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO that examined randomized controlled trials, observational, and experimental studies that had studied the role of GLP-1 (liraglutide) in controlling juvenile diabetes. The study included 7 studies and concluded that the introduction of liraglutide to insulin treatment juvenile diabetic patients results in a considerable and fast decrease in glycemic excursions and a consequent reduction in insulin dose. Body weight decreases substantially as reported in many studies.

AAE-C1-INH (acquired angioedema owing to C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency) is a dangerous illness that can lead to asphyxiation due to laryngeal edoema. Only around 1% to 2% of angioedema cases are classified as HAE or AAE, with HAE being 10 times more prevalent than AAE. The sole clinical distinction between HAE and AAE is the age at which symptoms appea, AAE-C1-INH is usually diagnosed after 40 years of age. There is no licensed therapy for AAE-C1-INH at this time. AAE-C1-INH attacks are treated with HAE-C1-INH medicines such plasma-derived C1-INH concentrate (pdC1-INH) and the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, icatibant. These on-demand medications are thought to be most helpful when provided early in the attack. However, there is a scarcity of published data on the efficacy and safety of AAE-C1-INH therapies.

Exposure to aquatic organisms includes a variety of clinical situations. Skin damage after exposure to the marine environment includes bacterial and fungal infections as well as damage caused by aquatic plants and protists. Aquatic skin diseases are various skin diseases found among swimmers, divers, fishermen and tourists participating in water activities. Some conditions are particularly relevant to fresh or salt water, while other conditions may occur in both environments at the same time. Injuries can be divided into several general categories. There may also be overlapping, non-infected mechanical damage, infection after mechanical damage, and mechanical damage accompanied by inoculation of poisons or substances with sensitizing properties. The clinical manifestations of skin diseases generally include erythema, blisters, urticaria, edema, scars, pigment changes and paresthesias. General management is achieved through the application of first aid as well as diagnostic imaging and tetanus prevention.