Background: Toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. In Cuba, despite the highly active antiretroviral therapy, TE is still the most important cause of cerebral mass lesions in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The detection of Toxoplasma gondii by PCR may facilitate the diagnosis and follow-up of TE in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients by direct identification of parasite DNA in clinical samples. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a rapid PCR method using the B1 gene to detect T. gondii in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with suspected TE.
SUMMARYThe introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has caused a marked reduction in the occurrence and severity of parasitic infections, including the toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). These changes have been attributed to the restoration of cellmediated immunity. This study was developed to examine the activity of six antiretroviral protease inhibitors (API) on Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. The six API showed anti-Toxoplasma activity, with IC 50 value between 1.4 and 6.6 µg/mL. Further studies at the molecular level should be performed to clarify if the use of API could be beneficial or not for AIDS patients with TE.
A longitudinal study was performed with sera and urine of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), taken before, during and after clinicallyToxoplasma gondii is recognized as an important pathogen during pregnancy and the perinatal period (Remington & Desmont 1983). It has recently gained additional interest as a cause of life threatening opportunistic diseases in immunocompromised individuals, including patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and transplant recipients (Postman et al. 1988). Toxoplasmosis is a major opportunistic parasitic disease in AIDS patients. Toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) can only be diagnosed very late since the classical serological tests based on the detection of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM are inefficient in these patients (Luft & Remington 1988). More sensitive diagnostic tests for the early diagnosis of TE are needed.The detection of antigens or parasites of T. gondii in different biological fluids is an accurate and rapid diagnosis. Recently, some researchers have described the use of T. gondii DNA sequence for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Dupcuy-Camet et al. 1993). We have reported the use of coagglutination assay to detect T. gondii antigens in the urine of infected mice (Fachado et al. 1990) and also in the urine of AIDS patients (Fachado et al. 1992 We have developed the coagglutination technique using urine of AIDS patients with acute cerebral toxoplasmosis. In order to confirm the toxoplasmic origin of the antigens detected by CoAToxo, the immunoblot was employed. The results also were correlated with clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis, response to specific chemotherapy and anatomopathologic exam if the patient died.
MATERIALS AND METHODSProduction of the soluble antigenic extract -A soluble antigenic extract was prepared from the RH strain of T. gondii. The trophozoites were taken from peritoneal exudates of mice, three days after infection. The exudate was centrifuged at 650xg for 10 min in 2 ml of 0.1M phosphate buffer saline (PBS), pH 7.2-7.4 to eliminate host cell residues. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet resuspended with 2ml PBS and repeatedly passed through a 26 gauge needle in order to break the macrophages. It was again centrifuged at 160xg during 10 min at 4ºC and the supernatant centrifuged at 650xg during 10 min at 4ºC. The pellet was washed three times in 50 ml PBS. The suspension was then sonicated at 4ºC to obtain the parasites antigens, and centrifuged at 650xg during 2 hr at 4ºC . The protein concentration of the T. gondii antigens suspension was determined by the method of Lowry et al. (1951).Production of antiserum -The anti-Toxoplasma antiserum was prepared by dilution of 0.5 ml of the T. gondii antigens (1.3 mg/ml of protein) in the same volume of PBS. The diluted antigenic solu-
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