The future direction of electric vehicle (EV) transportation in relation to the energy demand for charging EVs needs a more sustainable roadmap, compared to the current reliance on the centralised electricity grid system. It is common knowledge that the current state of electricity grids in the biggest economies of the world today suffer a perennial problem of power losses; and were not designed for the uptake and integration of the growing number of large-scale EV charging power demands from the grids. To promote sustainable EV transportation, this study aims to review the current state of research and development around this field. This study is significant to the effect that it accomplishes four major objectives. (1) First, the implication of large-scale EV integration to the electricity grid is assessed by looking at the impact on the distribution network. (2) Secondly, it provides energy management strategies for optimizing plug-in EVs load demand on the electricity distribution network. (3) It provides a clear direction and an overview on sustainable EV charging infrastructure, which is highlighted as one of the key factors that enables the promotion and sustainability of the EV market and transportation sector, re-engineered to support the United Nations Climate Change Agenda. Finally, a conclusion is made with some policy recommendations provided for the promotion of the electric vehicle market and widespread adoption in any economy of the world.

The sustainability of a clean energy transition for electric vehicle transportation is clearly affected by increased energy consumption cost, which is associated with large-scale electric vehicles (EVs) charging on a fossil-fuel dependent electricity grid. This places a potential threat on the safe operations and stability of the grid and increases the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the power stations that generate the electricity. Furthermore, the uncontrolled large-scale integration of EVs charging on the grid will increase exponentially in the coming years. Because of this, new peaks on the grid will be generated due to the EV charging load variance, and a significant impact on the transformer limit and substation capacity violation will occur. To mitigate the significant impact of the high cost of energy consumption by large-scale EVs charging on the grid, and to reduce the emissions of GHGs, there is a need to provide a multi-level optimization approach that is robust and dynamic to solve the uncontrolled charging problem of large-scale integration of EVs to the grid. This paper investigates the grid energy consumption by EVs and reviews recent applications of EV charging controls and optimization approaches used for the energy management of large-scale EVs charging on the grid. Energy management in this context is not trivial. It implies that the objectives such as load shifting, peak shaving, and minimizing the high cost of electricity consumption with a stable grid operation can be achieved. In the context of this study, EVs charging on the grid includes both battery electric vehicles (BEVs), which have larger battery banks with a longer charging duration and higher energy consumption capacity, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) which have smaller battery capacities.

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