The spinosyns are unique insecticidal secondary metabolites produced by two soil bacteria, Saccharopolyspora spinosa and S. pogona. Spinosad and spinetoram, the two active ingredients developed from the spinosyns, received Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards in 1999 and 2008, respectively. Spinosad is derived entirely from fermentation, whereas spinetoram is created by making two synthetic modifications to fermentation-derived spinosyn starting materials. These modifications resulted from innovative approaches to quantify spinosyn structure-activity relationships, and the modifications make spinetoram more active and enable it to provide longer-lasting control than spinosad. The spinosyn mode of action involves a unique site on the nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor. Low toxicity to mammals and most other non-target species provides a wide margin of safety for agricultural workers and the environment. The spinosyns have short environmental persistence and degrade by physical and microbial processes into simpler fragments containing only carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Spinosyn insecticide manufacturing is a green, fermentation-based process using renewable agricultural feedstocks. The spinosyn insecticides have had a huge impact on agriculture by providing control of a broad range of important arthropod pests across more than 250 crops in more than 80 countries. Spinosad and spinetoram are generally compatible with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Spinosad's natural origin has enabled certification for organic agriculture in a growing number of countries, and it has significant noncrop uses in stored grain protection, animal health, and public health. Further research and advances in delivery systems technology will open an even wider range of uses for the spinosyns.
The bisacylhydrazine (BAH) insecticides are a class of green chemistry compounds very specific to the target insect pests that induce a premature molting process in the affected insects. The BAH insecticides bind to the ecdysone receptors in the target pests with a greater affinity than that observed for the natural hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone. This confers a greater level of selectivity towards most non-target organisms present in the ecosystems where the BAH insecticides are used. The BAH insecticides act directly on immature stages of the target insects (eggs and larvae) and cause some sublethal effects, such as delayed developmental rates and reduced fecundity and fertility on the adult stage of the pests. These insecticides have very good ecotoxicological profile, having virtually no impact on most non target organisms including beneficial insects and pollinators, (bees, predators and parasitoids), birds, fish and terrestrial invertebrates. The BAH insecticides also have low-toxicity to mammals making them reduced risk materials for humans handling the products. The most widely registered BAH is methoxyfenozide, which has registrations in more than 50 countries in a variety of crops ranging from vegetables to specialty uses such as forestry and tea. Due to their characteristics, the BAH insecticides can be incorporated in insecticide resistance and integrated pest management programs. Data related to these aspects of BAH insecticides are presented.
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