The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the effects of supplemental progesterone after artificial insemination (AI) on expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) in blood leukocytes and fertility in lactating dairy cows. Weekly cohorts of Holstein cows were blocked by parity (575 primiparous and 923 multiparous) and method of insemination (timed AI or AI on estrus) and allocated randomly within each block to untreated controls, a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) containing 1.38g of progesterone from d 4 to 18 after AI (CIDR4), or a CIDR on d 4 and another on d 7 after AI and both removed on d 18 (CIDR4+7). Blood was sampled to quantify progesterone concentrations in plasma and mRNA expression in leukocytes for the ubiquitin-like IFN-stimulated gene 15-kDa protein (ISG15) and receptor transporter protein-4 (RTP4) genes. Pregnancy was diagnosed on d 34±3 and 62±3 after AI. Treatment increased progesterone concentrations between d 5 and 18 after AI in a dose-dependent manner (control=3.42, CIDR4=4.97, and CIDR4+7=5.46ng/mL). Cows supplemented with progesterone tended to have increased luteolysis by d 19 after AI (control=17.2; CIDR4=29.1; CIDR4+7=30.2%), which resulted in a shorter AI interval for those reinseminated after study d 18. Pregnancy upregulated expression of ISG in leukocytes on d 19 of gestation, but supplementing progesterone did not increase mRNA abundance for ISG15 and RTP4 on d 16 after insemination and tended to reduce mRNA expression on d 19 after AI. For RTP4 on d 19, the negative effect of supplemental progesterone was observed only in the nonpregnant cows. No overall effect of treatment was observed on pregnancy per AI on d 62 after insemination and averaged 28.6, 32.7, and 29.5% for control, CIDR4, and CIDR4+7, respectively. Interestingly, an interaction between level of supplemental progesterone and method of AI was observed for pregnancy per AI. For cows receiving exogenous progesterone, the lower supplementation with CIDR4 increased pregnancy per AI on d 62 in cows inseminated following timed AI (CIDR4=39.2; CIDR4+7=27.5%); in those inseminated following detection of estrus, however, the use of a second insert on d 7 resulted in greater pregnancy per AI (CIDR4=26.9; CIDR4+7=31.5%). Pregnancy loss did not differ among treatments. Supplemental progesterone post-AI using a single intravaginal insert on d 4 was beneficial to pregnancy in cows inseminated following timed AI, but incremental progesterone with a second insert on d 7 did not improve fertility of dairy cows.
Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento ingestivo durante 24 horas em oito períodos do dia, de 24 tourinhos Limousin x Nelore terminados em confinamento, alimentados com quatro níveis do subproduto gérmen de milho integral na dieta (0, 15, 30, 45%). O fornecimento de alimento (25% de volumoso e 75% de concentrado) foi realizado diariamente às 9:00 e 16:30 horas. A adição de gérmen de milho integral às dietas não influenciou os tempos despendidos em alimentação, dormindo e em outras atividades, nem as frequências de procura por água, micção e defecação. Os animais alimentaram-se mais nos períodos em que foram arraçoados, gastando em média 137,10 minutos por dia. Os animais dormiram mais à noite, das 2 às 5 horas, enquanto, o tempo despendido em outras atividades foi maior das 17 às 20 horas. Os níveis de gérmen de milho integral influenciaram o tempo de ruminação e de ócio de forma quadrática, com o nível de 30% apresentando maior tempo de ruminação (28,30% do tempo diário) e menor de ócio (42,24% do tempo diário). As atividades ruminação, ócio, alimentação, dormindo e outras atividades, além das frequências de ingestão de água, micção e defecação, comportaram-se de forma distinta para os diferentes períodos do dia. A inclusão de gérmen de milho integral à dieta de bovinos proporciona maior tempo de ruminação e modifica a distribuição desta atividade durante o dia. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: extrato etéreo; ócio; ruminação; subproduto agroindustrial; tempo de alimentação.
RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes e o balanço de nitrogênio de dietas contendo farelo de mesocarpo de babaçu (FMB) em substituição à silagem de capim elefante (0; 21; 38; 62 e 78%). Utilizaram-se 20 ovinos alojados em gaiolas metabólicas individuais e distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições.Foram coletados e registrados o consumo de alimentos e excreções de fezes e urina. Os consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, cinzas, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, hemicelulose e carboidratos totais não foram influenciados pelas dietas experimentais. Foi observada alteração nos consumos de carboidratos não fibrosos (CCNF) e redução nos consumos de extrato etéreo em % do PV e em gramas por unidade de tamanho metabólico (g UTM -1). O consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais (CNDT) teve comportamento quadrático com pontos de máximo em 37,3 e 37,9% de FMB expressos em %PV e g UTM -1, respectivamente. As digestibilidades aparentes da matéria orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, proteína bruta e carboidratos não fibrosos reduziram na medida em que o FMB aumentou nas dietas. As digestibilidades aparentes da matéria seca (DAMS), extrato etéreo e carboidratos não fibrosos tiveram comportamento quadrático, com máxima DAMS estimada em 10% de FMB. O NDT reduziu 0,28% para cada ponto percentual de inclusão de FMB nas dietas. A adição do FMB reduziu a digestibilidade das frações fibrosas e aumentou o CCNF e o CNDT, o que indica que este subproduto pode ser utilizado como fonte energética em dietas para ruminantes.Palavras-chave: Carboidratos não fibrosos. Fibra em detergente neutro. Subproduto. Teor de carboidratos.ABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients and the nitrogen balance of diets containing babassu-mesocarp meal (BMM) as a replacement for elephant-grass silage (0, 21, 38, 62 and 78%). Twenty sheep were used, housed in individual metabolic cages and distributed in a completely randomized design with four replications. Food intake was noted and faeces and urine excretions were collected and recorded. Intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ash, neutral-detergent fibre, acid-detergent fibre, hemicellulose, and total carbohydrate was not affected by the experimental diets. Changes were observed in the non-fibrous carbohydrates intake (INFC) and a reduction in the intake of ether extract as a % of live weight (LW) and grams per unit of metabolic body size ). Total digestible nutrient intake (ITDN) presented quadratic behaviour, with maximum points at 37.3% and 37.9% of BMM expressed as %LW and g MBS -1 respectively. The apparent digestibility of organic matter, neutral-detergent fibre, acid-detergent fibre, crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrate decreased with the increase in BBM in the diet. The apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADDM), ether extract and non-fibrous carbohydrates showed a quadratic re...
RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de torta de dendê na dieta sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade das dietas e o desempenho de novilhas leiteiras. Utilizaram-se 16 novilhas leiteiras mestiças Holandês × Zebu, com média de 13 meses de idade e peso vivo inicial de 183,4±32,5 kg, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro níveis de torta de dendê (0; 11,9; 22,9 e 34,2% da matéria seca total), cada um com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se os consumos de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), extrato etéreo (EE) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e as digestibilidades aparentes da MS, PB, FDN, CNF e EE. Houve redução linear no consumo de MS, PB, FDN, CNF e NDT. A digestibilidade aparente da MS e FDN reduziu com a inclusão da torta de dendê na dieta, enquanto a de PB e dos CNF sofreu efeito quadrático. A inclusão de torta de dendê nas dietas promoveu aumento linear da digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo. O ganho de peso reduziu linearmente com a inclusão de torta de dendê na dieta, sendo observados valores de 1,06; 0,99; 0,89 e 0,54 kg/dia para as dietas contendo 0; 11,9; 22,9 ou 34,2% de torta de dendê na dieta total, respectivamente. A conversão alimentar não foi afetada pelos níveis de inclusão de torta de dendê na dieta. A inclusão de torta de dendê na dieta reduz o consumo de nutrientes e o desempenho de novilhas leiteiras em crescimento, porém, quando utilizada em níveis de até 24,6% da dieta total, proporciona ganho de peso compatível com os obtidos em programas de recria visando à parição aos 24 meses de idade.Palavras-chave: biodiesel, Elaeis guineensis, ganho de peso vivo, subproduto, subprodutos do biodiesel, valor nutritivo Intake, nutrient digestibility and performance of dairy heifers fed diets containing palm kernel cake ABSTRACT -The objective was to evaluate the effects of inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet on intake, digestibility and performance of dairy heifers. Sixteen dairy Holstein-Zebu crossbred heifers with average age of 13 months and average weight of 183.4±32.5 kg were distributed to four treatments in a completely randomized design with four levels of palm kernel cake (0, 11.9, 22.9 and 34.2% from total dry matter), each one with four replicates. The intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), ether extract (EE) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), and the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, NFC and EE were evaluated. There was linear reduction in DM, CP, NDF, NFC, and TDN intake. The apparent digestibility of DM and NDF reduced with the inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet, while the apparent digestibility of CP and NFC showed quadratic effect. The inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diets resulted in linear increase in the apparent digestibility of ether extract. Weight gain decreased linearly with the inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet, with values of 1.06, 0.99, 0.89 and 0.54 kg/day ...
We assessed the productive performance, blood parameters, and carcass characteristics of young crossbreed dairy bulls kept in feedlots and fed with diets containing 0, 60, 120, and 240 g/kg of crude glycerin, replacing a mixture of ground pearl millet grain (50%) and babassu mesocarp bran (50%). Twenty-four bulls with an average age of 24 months and an average initial weight of 390 ± 31.5 kg were used. The experimental design was completely randomised with six replications. Dry matter and digestible energy intake were not influenced by diets. Feed conversion linearly decreased with increasing glycerin levels. The increase in the levels of glycerin resulted in a linear increase in blood glucose and in average daily weight gain. Carcass weight was not affected, but trimming fat increased and carcass yield decreased linearly, with increasing glycerin levels. The addition of crude glycerin at levels up to 240 g/kg of dry matter to diets containing babassu mesocarp bran and ground pearl millet grain increased the performance of young feedlot bulls, and improved feed efficiency and carcass subcutaneous fat thickness.
-The objective of this study was to assess the effects of including crude glycerin in the diet on intake, performance, rumen development, and carcass traits of dairy crossbred veal calves fed starter concentrate containing 0, 80, 160, and 240 g kg −1 crude glycerin. Twenty-eight calves with an average weight of 38.03±6.7 kg and five days of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments with seven replications. Calves were individually housed in covered stalls equipped with feeders and drinkers for 56 days. The calf response to inclusion of crude glycerin in the concentrate changed over the weeks and the inclusion level of 240 g kg −1 resulted in greater dry matter intake and average daily gain. There was no effect on the final weight and total weight gain of the animals, with mean values of 73.60 and 35.16 kg, respectively. The weight of the rumen-reticulum adjusted for body weight, empty body weight, and total stomach weight increased linearly with the inclusion of crude glycerin. Blood total protein, globulin, urea, cholesterol, gamma glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations did not differ among treatments. Carcass traits and meat color were not affected. Crude glycerin can be added to dairy calf starter concentrate up to 240 g kg −1 dry matter because it benefits concentrate intake, performance, and rumen development without affecting animal health.
The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of different dietary inclusion levels of palm (Elaeisguineensis L.) kernel cake (PKC) for lactating dairy cows on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and milk production. Diets containing 0, 113, 228, 342g of PKC/kg dry matter were formulated and fed to eight crossbred (Holandês x Zebu) dairy cows with mean weight of 382kg at 60-90 days of lactation. The cows were used in a double 4 x 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted for 15 days, with 11 days adaptation and four days sampling. Increasing the levels of PKC in the diet reduced the intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), hemicellulose, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). The NDF intake was higher at the 113g/kg PKC inclusion level compared to other treatments. There was linear decreasing effect on fat corrected milk with the inclusion of PKC. There was linear reduction in digestibility of dry matter(DM) and total carbohydrate (TC), but no effect was observed on the NDF and ADF digestibility. Linear increase was observed on crude protein (CP), NFC and ether extract (EE) digestibility. The digestibility of these nutrients probably increased because of the longer retention time of the digest in the rumen caused by reduced DM intake. The addition of PKC decreased the nutritive value of the diets, which subsequently reduced linearly milk production. Key words: Biodiesel, by-products, milk production, palm kernel cake, digestibility, Elaeis guineensis L ResumoO objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão (0.0; 113,4; 227,8 e 341,7 g/kg de matéria seca) da torta de dendê (TD) em dietas para vacas leiteiras lactantes sobre o consumo, digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e dos nutrientes e produção de leite. Foram utilizadas oito vacas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, primíparas, com peso médio de 382 kg, entre 60 e 90 dias de lactação, distribuídas em duplos quadrados latinos 4 x 4. Cada período experimental teve duração de 15 dias, sendo 11 dias para adaptação e quatro para coletas. Avaliou-se o consumo, expresso em kg/dia, g/kgpv0,75 e g/kg PV, a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca ( MS), proteina bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose (HEM), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), extrato etéreo (EE) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e a produção de leite corrigida para gordura (PLCG). A inclusão de níveis crescentes de TD na dieta acarretou redução linear no consumo de MS, PB, HEM, CNF e NDT. O consumo de FDN apresentou efeito quadrático e os maiores valores foram observados com o nível de inclusão de TD de 113,4 g/kg MS. Houve efeito linear decrescente sobre a PLCG com a inclusão da TD. Houve redução linear da digestibilidade da MS e dos CT, porém não se observou efeito sobre a digestibilidade da FDN e FDA. Observou-se ainda aumento linear da digestibilidade da PB, CNF e EE. O aumento da digestibilidade destes nutrientes provavelmente ocorreu devido ao maior tempo de re...
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