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this experiment aimed to study the effect of Azotobacter chroococcum in reducing infection of the tomato plant by Fusarium solani under the greenhouse condition. The results show that Fusarium solani isolates proved high pathogenicity and chosen isolate (Fs4) for being given a lower percentage of germination of cabbage seeds and the highest disease severity to tomato seedling. Also, the results were indicated that T6 (Biofertilizer at concentrations (25 ml\2Kg soil) with F. solani (F.s4) was the past this treatment reduced significantly the disease severity (73.10%) which also recorded a positive effect on the growth parameter of tomato plant compare to T1 (pathogen only).

It is been mentioned that Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a ubiquitous, gram negative, can infect patients with Cystic fibrosis. Treatment of infections can often be difficult due to its ability to produce biofilm. It has been revealed that biofilms are enclosing architecture that would consist of planktonic cells to survive in harsh environments. Biofilm is usually comprised of Pel, Psl, and Alginate, and many others to make a scaffold that bacteria can attach and start making microcolonies. The formation of the biofilm and Alginate layer is shown to be controlled by intricate cell-to-cell communication known as quorum sensing (QS). Finally, in this report, we have taken the basic principles of what is P.aerogenosa, and how it is related to the cystic fibrosis disease. Also, we have illustrated the formation of biofilms and the regulation of biofilms to the quorum sensing LasR/LasI and RhlR/RhlI systems.

Objective(s): β- lactamases enzymes are well studied in literature since they lead to β-lactam resistance among many pathogens, hence global concern of human and animal health issues is rising. The aim of study is to detect these kinds of enzymes among some gram negative bacteria isolated locally. Material and methods: 30 isolate of each gram negatives Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp., and Enterobacter spp. were obtained from different clinical samples in Baghdad and Al-Najaf cities through March 2020 until January 2021. Isolates were identified biochemically and by Vitek2 system. β- Lactamases encoding genes like (blaSHV  (231bp), blaIMP-1 (500), blaVIM (382), blaAmp (1150), blaCMY (1014), bla oxa23 (501), and bla oxa51 (353bp) were detected by PCR. Results: It was found that (80%, 75%, 30%, 50%, 38%, 55%, and 69%) of Citrobacter spp isolates had β- Lactamases encoding genes (blaSHV, blaIMP-1, blaVIM, blaAmp, blaCMY, bla oxa23, and bla oxa51), respectively. Serratia spp. showed having (blaSHV, blaIMP-1, blaVIM, blaAmp, blaCMY, bla oxa23, and bla oxa51) among (20%, 85%, 60%, 28%, 40%, 67%, and 58%), respectively. There were also (60%, 50%, 25%, 33%, 60%, 81%, and 73%) of Enterobacter spp. isolates harbored (blaSHV, blaIMP-1, blaVIM, blaAmp, blaCMY, bla oxa23, and bla oxa51), respectively. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that most of gram negative bacteria isolated locally had different β- Lactamases encoding genes, leading to increase health problems among patients infected with those pathogens.

Pollution has been increased recently due to the activities of industries and agriculture, especially pesticides, heavy metals, and other toxic compounds that are usually considered as carcinogenic and mutagenic, materials need a long time to be degraded into simple forms. Therefore, it is a crucial to eradicate such pollutants from environments in different mechanisms from which the possibility of using microorganisms such as fungi. This mechanism then would be called mycoremediation. Such process should be known and practice to achieve clean and healthy environments. In this review article, we shed light on the definition, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of mycoremediation.