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Natural wound healing is a highly complex and regulated process. Disruption and barriers to cellular and tissue repair processes contributes to impaired wound healing, including sustained infections. Superficial wound healing requires many factors to work in concrete at the wound site, and thus many treatment options and wound dressings have evolved to address the barriers to wound healing. Biomaterials are proven to encourage the wound healing process by stimulating repair and regeneration of injured tissues and preventing wound infections. A wide range of natural and synthetic hydrophilic and porous formulations such as foams, films, fibers, and hydrogels have been examined for these applications. Among these formulations, polymeric hydrogels have gained considerable interest in the medical applications. They effectively absorb wound exudates and provide a moist environment for aiding the wound healing process. However, chronic wounds that are sustained longer might need supplementary healing features as addendums such as antimicrobials, stem cells, growth factors, peptides, vitamins, and natural compounds. Therefore, when combined with hydrogels healing supporting addendums promote rapid and effective wound healing. Although there have been several advancements in biopolymer-based hydrogel systems, only limited reviews on various management strategies in wound healing are available in medical research and applications.Therefore, in this review, we have compiled and integrated various hydrogel-based approaches with the potential to improve chronic wound healing and advance important outcomes. In addition, in-situ injectable hydrogel preparation that have the advantage of packing patient wounds of different sizes and using 3D printing based tailor-made hydrogels, and bio-inks for wound closure applications are also highlighted.

Red scorpions Mesobuthus tamulus (Coconsis, Pocock) were obtained from different regions of West and South India (Ratnagiri, Chiplun and Ahmednagar from Maharashtra and Chennai from Tamil Nadu, respectively). Their venoms composition was analyzed using gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). All venom samples shared six bands of 170, 80, 60, 57, 43, and 38 kDa molecular weights. Bands of 115 kDa and 51.5 kDa were characteristic of venoms obtained from red scorpions of Chiplun region, and the 26kDa band was absent in scorpion venom from Tamil Nadu. The separated protein band patterns suggest that the venoms from Ratnagiri, Ahmednagar and Tamil Nadu had high similarities in their biochemical composition but differed from that of Chiplun region. These data were also supported by the Jaccard (J) index. The J value was 0.33 for venom obtained from Ratnagiri-Ahmednagar, 0.31 for venom from Ratnagiri-Tamil Nadu, and 0.3 for venom from Ratnagiri-Chiplun region. This suggests the existence of genetic variation among the different strains of red scorpion in western and southern India. The antiserum produced by Haffkine Biopharmaceuticals Corporation Ltd. completely neutralized proteins of venoms from all the regions studied

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ABSTRACT:Red scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus or Buthus tamulus) venom samples were collected at different regions of India: western (Chiplun and Ahmednagar from Maharashtra State) and southern (Ratnagiri and Chennai from Tamil Nadu State). The action of whole venoms on the blood sodium levels of mice was assessed using flame photometry. Seven peptides were common to all venom samples. They were separated using the native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) technique and their activities were also studied using flame photometry. There was a decrease in the concentration of sodium ions in the serum, which suggested the blockage of such ions by scorpion venom toxins. Among the 10 protein bands isolated, the band at 79.6 kDa presented maximum activity in decreasing serum sodium ions concentration. Whole venom from Chiplun region also showed maximum activity. The western blotting technique demonstrated that the anti-scorpion venom sera produced by Haffkine Biopharmaceuticals Corporation Ltd., India, neutralized all four venom samples.