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Background: Accurate etiological diagnosis of seizures in children is important to begin an effective treatment. MRI is an excellent neuroimaging tool that is highly accurate. It helps in diagnosis, determining the treatment protocol and predicting the outcome. Dedicated studies in paediatric population using MRI brain have been even fewer till date in India. Current study aims to find the common etiology of pediatric seizures on MRI in a developing country like India.Methods: Hospital based retrospective study. 105 cases in age group between 0 months to 12 years. Seen between 2014 till date included in the study. All cases underwent MRI.Results: Most common imaging findings were inflammatory granuloma in 10 (9.5%). Other findings were- Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in 5 (4.7%), cerebral atrophy in 2 (1.9%), focal dysmyelination in 3 (2.8%), calcifying granuloma in 3 (2.8%) and periventricular leucomalacia in 2 (1.9%). Uncommon findings were that of lissencephaly, dysgenesis of corpus callosum, mesial temporal sclerosis, AV malformation, periventricular hemorrhage, schizencephaly, abscess and infarction in one child each (0.9% each). 69 children had no abnormal findings in brain.Conclusions: The commonest etiology of seizures is inflammatory granuloma. Early recognition of potentially treatable diseases helps in timely treatment and arrest of progression of disease. It is highly recommended to use MRI as primary investigation for seizures. Every effort should be made to provide facility of MRI for management of seizures in all parts of India.

Background: Intrinsic differences between magnetic susceptibility of tissues can be used to generate a unique type of contrast in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), particularly to characterize tissues and improve the sensitivity for certain lesions, most notably hemorrhagic foci or calcification. Methods: A blinded retrospective review of all brain imaging studies done at our centre between March 2014 and February 2016. One of them reviewed the MR images with exclusion of SWI, while the other radiologist reviewed the entire set of images including SWI. Their findings were then compared to study the efficacy of SWI in better detection and characterization of lesions. Results: The study included 3710 patients with different brain lesions. SWI revealed positive lesions in at least 619 of these patients which were not picked up by the radiologist interpreting the conventional MRI protocol without SWI sequence. 21 patients with traumatic brain injury, 32 patients with cerebral microbleeds, 78 patients with brain tumors, 27 patients with venous malformations, 128 patients with intra-cranial calcifications, 277 patients with infarcts and 56 patients with extra-axial hemorrhage. Out of the 619 lesions, SWI played a significant role in lesion characterization in at least 198 patients which is about 5.33% of our total cohort of 3710 patients. Conclusion: SWI images are fast sequences requiring no more than a total scan time of about 3 minutes. Inclusion of this sequence as a part of brain pathology can play an important role in diagnosing different brain lesions without missing hemorrhagic lesions thus avoiding inappropriate therapeutic regimens with catastrophic results.

Study DesignA retrospective review of lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies conducted at the Department of Radiodiagnosis & Imaging of a Tertiary Care Armed Forces Hospital between May 2014 and May 2016.PurposeTo assess the advantages of incorporating sagittal screening of the whole spine in protocols for conventional lumbar spine MRI for patients presenting with low back pain.Overview of LiteratureAdvances in MRI have resulted in faster examinations, particularly for patients with low back pain. The additional detection of incidental abnormalities on MRI helps to improve patient outcomes by providing a swifter definitive diagnosis. Because low back pain is extremely common, any change to the diagnostic and treatment approach has a significant impact on health care resources.MethodsWe documented all additional incidental findings detected on sagittal screenings of the spine that were of clinical significance and would otherwise have been undiagnosed.ResultsA total of 1,837 patients who met our inclusion criteria underwent MRI of the lumbar spine. The mean age of the study population was 45.7 years; 66.8% were men and 33.2% women. Approximately 26.7% of the patients were diagnosed with incidental findings. These included determining the level of indeterminate vertebrae, incidental findings of space-occupying lesions of the cervicothoracic spine, myelomalacic changes, and compression fractures at cervicothoracic levels.ConclusionsWe propose that T2-weighted sagittal screening of the whole spine be included as a routine sequence when imaging the lumbosacral spine for suspected degenerative pathology of the intervertebral discs.

Aim: The aims of our study were to evaluate cases of extremity pain or swelling in paediatric patients using USG to diagnose acute osteomyelitis, and correlate USG findings with MRI findings. Material and methods: 18 paediatric patients with extremity pain or swelling were evaluated. After the clinical and laboratory work-up, imaging was done using radiographic examination, USG and MRI of the affected limb. Results: 5 patients (27.8%) out of 18 were diagnosed with acute osteomyelitis based on USG findings, confirmed by MRI and surgical drainage. The mean age of the patients with acute osteomyelitis was 8.2 years. Male children were more commonly affected as compared to female. The distal metaphysis of the femur was the most common site involved (80%). The right lower limb was more commonly affected. The most frequent presentation was pain at the affected site. On USG, deep soft tissue fluid collection around the bone was present in all cases (100%). Periosteal thickening or elevation with subperiosteal fluid collection was seen in 4 cases (80%). Increased vascularity within or around the periosteum on colour Doppler was seen in 4 cases (80%). Conclusions: Acute osteomyelitis is a common entity in the paediatric population, presenting with acute limb pain and swelling. Early diagnosis and management of acute osteomyelitis are essential to prevent serious complications. USG can play an important role in the early diagnosis of paediatric acute osteomyelitis, and should be incorporated into the treatment protocols followed in cases of suspected acute osteomyelitis. MRI should be reserved as problem-solving tool.