Over the last ten years, Oosterhof and Todorov's valence-dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgments of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov's methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries, and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov's original analysis strategy, the valence-dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence-dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods, correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution.

Deciphering the genetic and developmental causes of the disproportionate rarity, inviability, and sterility of hybrid males, Haldane's rule, is important for understanding the evolution of reproductive isolation between species. Moreover, extrinsic and prezygotic factors can contribute to the magnitude of intrinsic isolation experienced between species with partial reproductive compatibility. Here, we use the nematodes Caenorhabditis briggsae and C. nigoni to quantify the sensitivity of hybrid male viability to extrinsic temperature and developmental timing, and test for a role of mito-nuclear incompatibility as a genetic cause. We demonstrate that hybrid male inviability manifests almost entirely as embryonic, not larval, arrest and is maximal at the lowest rearing temperatures, indicating an intrinsic-by-extrinsic interaction to hybrid inviability. Crosses using mitochondrial substitution strains that have reciprocally introgressed mitochondrial and nuclear genomes show that mito-nuclear incompatibility is not a dominant contributor to postzygotic isolation and does not drive Haldane's rule in this system. Crosses also reveal that competitive superiority of X-bearing sperm provides a novel means by which postmating prezygotic factors exacerbate the rarity of hybrid males. These findings highlight the important roles of gametic, developmental, and extrinsic factors in modulating the manifestation of Haldane's rule.

Over the last ten years, Oosterhof and Todorov’s valence-dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgments of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov’s methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries, and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov’s original analysis strategy, the valence-dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence-dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods, correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution.

A wealth of research shows that people can achieve accurate interpersonal judgments of others based on brief observations of their nonverbal cues. Here, we review evidence demonstrating that people can accurately judge others' kinship, sexual orientation, religious identity, political ideology, and professional success from subtle cues in their physical appearance and expressive behavior. Following this discussion, we detail some of the major factors that can influence the accuracy of these judgments. Finally, we end by reflecting on what this research has elucidated about basic processes in person perception and nonverbal behavior more generally. evolutionary fitness (Keller & Waller, 2002). Finally, accurate kin recognition can also advantage individuals to identify other people's kin to ascertain alliances (Cheney & Seyfarth, 2004). Given these benefits, one would expect kin recognition to be accurate and pervasive; indeed, this is so. In one early study, researchers found that people could accurately judge family relationships from short (2 minute or less) naturalistic videos of one to four people based on verbal and nonverbal cues-such as correctly judging that a woman conversing on the telephone was speaking with her mother (Costanzo & Archer, 1989). Brédart and French (1999) showed that kinship judgments could be made with even less information, reporting that people could accurately match children and parents from photos of their faces. Indeed, static facial cues can communicate kinship between grandparents and grandchildren (Kaminski, Dridi, Graff, & Gentaz, 2009), and between siblings (DeBruine et al., 2009; Maloney & Dal Martello, 2006). More intriguing, humans can also reliably judge the kinship of other (nonhuman) primates from photos of the offspring and parent faces (Alvergne, Huchard et al., 2009). People can detect kinship from olfactory cues as well. For example, Porter, Cernoch, and Balogh (1985) found that strangers could accurately match mothers and children from shirts worn while sleeping (controlling for personal hygiene products), but could not match spouses, suggesting that olfactory kinship cues arise from genetic Olfactory cues also predict kin recognition within families. Mothers, for instance, can correctly recognize their neonates from their odors even only 20 hours after delivery (Porter, Cernoch, & McLaughlin, 1983). Reciprocally, neonates prefer their own mothers' breast pad odors to those of other women (MacFarlane, 1975). Moreover, odors allow parents to distinguish between their individual children, and allow children and adults to distinguish their parents and siblings (Porter & Moore, 1981; Weisfeld et al., 2003). Extended family members (e.g., grandmothers and aunts) also accurately judge kinship from odors (Porter, Balogh, Cernoch, & Franchi, 1986). Research has therefore pervasively demonstrated that people can judge their own and strangers' kin through minimal information, reinforcing previous findings that this ability is shared across species (Lieberman, Tooby, & Cosmid...

Many Labs 3 (Ebersole et al., 2016) failed to replicate a classic finding from the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion (Cacioppo, Petty, & Morris, 1983; Study 1). Petty and Cacioppo (2016) noted possible limitations of the Many Labs 3 replication (Ebersole et al., 2016) based on the cumulative literature. Luttrell, Petty, and Xu (2017) subjected some of those possible limitations to empirical test. They observed that a revised protocol obtained evidence consistent with the original finding that the Many Labs 3 protocol did not. This observe-hypothesize-test sequence is a model for scientific inquiry and critique. To test whether these results advance replicability and knowledge transfer, we conducted direct replications of Luttrell et al. in nine locations (Total N = 1,219). We successfully replicated the interaction of need for cognition and argument quality on persuasion using Luttrell et al.'s optimal design (albeit with a much smaller effect size; p < .001; f 2 = .025, 95%CI [.006, .056]) but failed to replicate the interaction that indicated that Luttrell et al.'s optimal protocol performed better than the Many Labs 3 protocol (p = .135, pseudo R 2 = .002). Nevertheless, pragmatically, we favor the Luttrell et al. protocol with large samples for future research using this paradigm.