Abstract-Gamma-Oryzanol is one type of antioxidant and has a good effect for health. Gamma-Oryzanol can be fould in rice bran which is the waste from rice milling process. Upland rice is one type of rice which can be grown in the upland area especially in the southern part of Thailand. The upland rice with species of Dawk Pa-yawmhas has been used in this research. There are many ways to extract gamma-oryzanol from rice bran. Maceration is conventional and useable extraction method in gamma-oryzanol extraction. Solvent is one crucial parameter in extraction. Many types of organic solvent such as hexane ethyl acetate acetone isopropanol and ethanol are investigated here. The extraction conditions such as the effect of soaking time, rice and solvent ratio also examined. The highest amount of rice bran oil obtains from acetone as solvent with the ration of rice bran and solvent is 1:4. Moreover the extracted product is also quality checked by HPLC method. The chromatogram clearly shows the peak of gamma-oryzanol.Index Terms-Dawk Pa-yawn upland rice, Gamma-oryzanol, maceration, rice bran.

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Yardlong beans (Vigna sesquipedalis (L.) Fruw) is an economic crop in the leguminosae. It has potential for export both fresh and frozen and can be grown all year round and in every part of Thailand. However, the problem of pests occurs all through its growing life, prompting farmers to use chemicals to control it. The use of chemicals without considerations of their impacts and safety have induced various problems such as dangers to farmers themselves, ecological balance disturbance and effects on environment through food chain and then to the consumers. The deposit in soil, water contamination and residues in plants are all dangerous to living things and human health. Yardlong bean production using reduced amount of chemicals or organic farming system, hence, has become important and increasingly wanted. Organic farming system is the production system which avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers, insecticides and plant growth regulators. The standard requirement of organic plant production is that the seeds used for growing must be from organic farming production that has been approved. This is especially true for the Common European Market Council which requires farmers operating under the organic farming system to use the seeds produced via organic farming system since January 1, 2004. Thailand has also adopted that approach. However, there are many factors involving the production of seeds under the organic farming system, making the yield low. Hence, in producing organic seeds, suitable varieties should be selected to suit each area and they should be the open-pollinated varieties with regular quality high yield. It should be able to grow in low fertile soil, resist pests and diseases, and compete with weeds. The suitable season should be selected for the production of seeds and the planting areas should not be repeated. Rotation corps such as the bean family should be emphasized. Compost, farm manure, green manure, wastes from other materials, organic and inorganic matters from nature should be used as nutrients. The use of bio-extract solution and gypsum mixture is an alternative in the organic farming system because bio-extract solution is made from nature and can be used instead of chemical fertilizers as plant growth regulators and can be used for disease and pest

Upland rice bran is an abundant and valuable antioxidant by-product of rice milling. This study compares the content of γ-oryzanol, γ-tocopherol, and phytochemicals in rice bran oil from 4 varieties of upland rice; Dok-kham (DK), Dok-kha (D), Khem-ngen (KN), and Nang-dam (ND); with that of a conventional variety, Khao Dowk Mali 105 (MA). The extraction was done by shaking rice bran in ethanol in 250 ml flask with a rice bran to a solvent ratio of 1:5 (w/v) at 200 rpm (0.447g) and 30°C in the dark for 30 min. The antioxidant capacity of the extracted oil was evaluated by several methods; DPPH, ferric reducing ability power, and ABTS ·+ assays. The colour of upland rice bran oil was dark from its phenolic and flavonoid contents. The highest contents of γ-oryzanol and γ-tocopherol were found in the bran oil from KN. The highest phytochemical content was found in the bran oil from DK. DK provided the highest antioxidant activity among the varieties mentioned. The neuroprotective and neuritogenic effects of rice bran extracts were also evaluated. D and KN extracts were the best two neuroprotective and neuritogenic extracts because they had the highest contents of γ-oryzanol and colour pigments. Thus Thai rice bran oil has the potential to be an excellent food supplement product due to its high antioxidant contents.

Chapter 10 Weed Biology and Weed Management in Organic Farming 157 Anneli Lundkvist and Theo Verwijst XII Prefacethis opportunity to compare results from different countries will open a new perspective on the subject, allowing the typical characteristics of Organic Agriculture and Organic Food to be seen more clearly. Finally, we would like to thank the contributing authors and the staff at InTech for their efforts and cooperation during the course of publication. I sincerely hope that this book will help researchers and students all over the world to reach new results in the field of Organic Agriculture and Organic Food.