Five ruminally cannulated steers, with ad libitum access to feed, were gradually adapted from an all-forage diet to a 75% concentrate diet over a 6-wk period. Three animals were then randomly assigned to an all-concentrate diet (87% whole corn) and the other two were fed a 90% concentrate plus 10% forage diet. These diets were fed for 17 wk and then reversed between groups for 11 additional weeks. Over the last 22 wk, addition of 10% forage to the all-concentrate diet had no effect on the concentration of total protozoa; however, Isotricha and Epidinium percentages increased (P < .05). Although concentrations varied markedly, protozoa persisted throughout the entire period of high-concentrate feeding (both diets) in three of the animals. In contrast, the other two animals were defaunated most of the time, except for the sporadic appearance of Entodinium species for 1- or 2-wk intervals. Average pH in these latter two animals was lower (P < .05) during the entire 28-wk high-concentrate feeding period. Because these two animals had a lower ruminal pH than the other three, even when fed all forage, it seems that the ruminal environment varies between individual animals. Thus, the maintenance of a protozoal population in animals fed high-concentrate diets may be related to physiological conditions such as rate and extent of salivary production, rate of fluid and particulate matter passage within each animal, and so on.
The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is a prominent livestock species for the production of milk and meat in many countries. We investigated the diversity of rumen methanogens in Mediterranean water buffaloes maintained in Brazil under different diets: corn silage, grazing pasture, or sugar cane. A total of 467 clones were isolated from three methanogen 16S rRNA gene clone libraries that each represented a distinct feed type. The 467 clones were assigned to 19 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Four OTUs were represented in all three libraries, eight OTUs were library-specific, six OTUs were found in only the corn silage and pasture grazing libraries, and one OTU was shared only between pasture grazing and sugar cane libraries. We found that Methanobrevibacter-related sequences were the most abundant in the water buffaloes sampled for our analysis, in contrast to previously reported studies showing that Methanomicrobium mobile-like methanogens were the most abundant methanogens in water buffaloes of Murrah and Surti breeds sampled in India. Considering the worldwide distribution of water buffaloes and the likely wide variety of diets provided, our results combined with studies from other groups support that larger scope analyses of microbiomes for this livestock species would provide great insight into the contribution of geographical location, breed, and diet in determining the population structure of rumen microorganisms.
Efeitos de dietas contendoRESUMO -Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do uso de leucena e levedura em dietas para bovinos sobre o metabolismo ruminal, incluindo o pH e as produções de ácido graxos voláteis (AGV), amônia e gás metano.Quatro bovinos machos com 800 kg e fistulados no rúmen foram mantidos em quadrado latino 4 × 4, em arranjo fatorial 2 × 2, composto de dois níveis de leucena (20 e 50% MS) e feno de capim coast-cross na presença ou ausência de levedura.Não houve influência das dietas nos valores médios de pH (média 6,82) e nas concentrações de amônia no rúmen, que variaram de 18 a 21 mg/100 mL. Houve interação entre níveis de leucena e levedura na concentração total de AGV. As dietas não diferiram quanto à concentração de ácido acético, mas os animais alimentados com a dieta com 50% de leucena e contendo levedura apresentaram maiores concentrações médias de ácido propiônico (média 19,14 mM). A emissão de metano reduziu em12,3% em relação à mesma dieta sem levedura e em 17,2% quando os animais foram alimentados com 20% de leucena com levedura. Verificou-se efeito associativo de leucena, quando fornecida em alto nível na dieta (50% MS), e levedura na redução da emissão de metano e na melhoria no padrão de fermentação no rúmen, o que pode reduzir as perdas de energia e melhorar eficiência energética do animal. Palavras-chave: ácidos graxos voláteis, gases ruminais, levedura, metabolismo ruminal Effects of leucaena and yeast on rumen fermentation and methane emissions in cattleABSTRACT -This research was to evaluate the effect of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in diets for bovines on ruminal metabolism, including pH, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia and methane production.Four crossbred male cattle (800 kg LW) rumen cannulated were distributed to a 4 × 4 Latin Square design, in 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, composed by two levels of Leucaena (20% and 50% DM) and coast-cross grass hay, with or without yeast. No differences were observed in rumen pH (mean 6.82) and ammonia concentrations that varied from 18.71 to 21.28 mg/100 mL of ruminal fluid. There was interaction between Leucaena levels and yeast in the total concentrations of VFA. No differences were observed in the concentrations of acetic acid, but the animals fed 50% of Leucaena with yeast showed higher propionic acid concentration (19.14 mM). Methane emissions were reduced by 12.3% in relation to the same diet without yeast and in 17.2% when the animals were fed 20% of Leucaena with yeast. There was a noticeable associative effect of Leucaena when fed in high level (50% DM) and yeast in the reduction of methane emission and better rumen fermentation with possible reduction of energy loss and better energy efficiency for the animals.
RESUMO -Três búfalos e três bovinos zebuínos adultos com cânulas ruminais foram alimentados à vontade com dieta de cana-deaçúcar fresca e picada, suplementada com 3 kg de concentrado/animal, durante 13 semanas. Após duas semanas de adaptação, amostras do conteúdo ruminal foram coletadas semanalmente, em dois tempos de amostragem: antes da alimentação e 40 minutos após para determinação da concentração e composição da fauna ruminal. Na quinta semana do experimento, os conteúdos ruminais foram misturados e reinoculados entre animais de mesma espécie e, na última semana, estimadas as degradabilidades in situ da MS, PB e FDN da cana-deaçúcar e MS e PB do concentrado. A concentração média de protozoários foi maior em bovinos, de 4,85 x 10 5 /mL, que em búfalos, de 3,82 x 10 5 /mL. As composições genéricas para Entodinium e subfamília Diplodiniinae foram 79,2 e 6,2% em bovinos e 32,0 e 54,9% em búfalos, respectivamente. Não houve interação significativa entre espécies animais e tempo de amostragem. Houve aumento da concentração média dos holotricos após 40 minutos da alimentação. As degradabilidades efetivas dos nutrientes estudados foram semelhantes entre as duas espécies animais, observando-se diferenças na cinética da degradação. Concluiu-se que os búfalos apresentaram menor concentração de ciliados no rúmen, maior composição de Diplodiniinae e menor de Entodinium que os bovinos; os holotricos exibiram capacidade de migração e seqüestro no rúmen em ambas as espécies; e as diferenças na fauna ruminal não influenciaram a degradabilidade efetiva dos nutrientes da cana-de-açúcar e do concentrado.Palavras-chave: bovino, búfalo, cana-de-açúcar, degradabilidade, protozoários do rúmen Rumen Ciliate Protozoa and Degradability in Buffalo and Zebu Cattle Fed a SugarCane Based Diet ABSTRACT -Three rumen cannulated buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and three zebu cattle (Bos indicus) were fed chopped sugar cane ad libitum and 3 kg of concentrate/animal/day during 13 weeks. After two weeks of adaptation, samples of rumen contents were weekly collected at two times: just before feeding and 40 minutes after feeding to measure the concentration and composition of ruminal fauna. Ruminal contents were mixed and re inoculated among animals from the same species after five weeks of trial starting. During the last week, degradability of DM, CP, and NDF of sugar cane and DM and CP of the concentrate were determined by in situ technique. The average concentration of total protozoa was higher in cattle (4.85 ×10 5 /mL) than in buffaloes (3.82 × 10 5 /mL). Percent generic composition for Entodinium and subfamily Diplodiniinae was 79.2 and 6.2% in cattle and 32.0 and 54.9% in buffaloes, respectively. There was no interaction between animal species and sampling time. Holotrich concentration increased after 40 minutes of feeding. No difference was observed between buffaloes and cattle in effective degradability of the studied nutrients with differences being observed in degradation kinetic. The buffaloes had lower concentration of rumen protozoa, hi...
-The effects were assessed of two energy sources in concentrate (ground grain corn vs. citrus pulp) and two nitrogen sources (soybean meal vs. urea) on rumen metabolism in four buffaloes and four zebu cattle (Nellore) with rumen cannula and fed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with feeds containing 60% sugar cane. Energy supplements had no effect on the rumen ammonia concentration in cattle, but ground grain corn promoted higher ammonia level than citrus pulp in buffalo.Urea produced higher ammonia level than soybean meal in both animal species. On average, the buffaloes maintained a lower rumen ammonia concentration (11.7 mg/dL) than the cattle (14.5 mg/dL). Buffaloes had lower production of acetic acid than cattle (58.7 vs. 61.6 mol/100 mol) and higher of propionic acid (27.4 vs. 23.6 mol/100 mol). There was no difference in the butyric acid production between the buffaloes (13.6 mol/100 mol) and cattle (14.8 mol/100 mol) and neither in the total volatile fatty acids concentration (82.5 vs. 83.6 mM, respectively). The energy or nitrogen sources had no effect on rumen protozoa count in either animal species. The zebu cattle had higher rumen protozoa population (8.8 × 10 5 /mL) than the buffaloes (6.1 × 10 5 /mL). The rumen protozoa population differed between the animal species, except for Dasytricha and Charonina. The buffaloes had a lower Entodinium population than the cattle (61.0 vs 84.9%, respectively) and a greater percentage of species belonging to the Diplodiniinae subfamily than the cattle (28.6 vs. 1.4%, respectively). In cattle, ground corn is a better energy source than citrus pulp for use by Entodinium and Diplodiniinae. In the buffaloes, the Entodinium are favored by urea and Diplodiniinae species by soybean meal.Key Words: citrus pulp, rumen metabolism, sugar cane, urea, volatile fatty acids Efeitos de suplementos energéticos e nitrogenados na dieta sobre a fermentação e a população de protozoários no rúmen de búfalos e bovinos zebuínos RESUMO -Foram avaliados os efeitos de duas fontes de energia no concentrado (grãos de milho moídos vs polpa cítrica) e duas fontes nitrogenadas (farelo de soja vs ureia) sobre o metabolismo ruminal em quatro bubalinos e quatro bovinos zebuínos (Nelore). Os animais possuíam cânulas no rúmen e foram alimentados em delineamento quadrado latino 4 × 4, com rações contendo 60% de cana-de-açúcar. Não houve efeitos dos suplementos energéticos na concentração de amônia ruminal em bovinos, no entanto, nos bubalinos, o milho em grão promoveu maior concentração de amônia em comparação à polpa cítrica. Em ambas as espécies animais, a ureia promoveu nível mais elevado de amônia em comparação ao farelo de soja. Em média, os bubalinos mantiveram menor concentração de amônia ruminal (11,7 mg/dL) que os bovinos (14,5 mg/dL). Os búfalos apresentaram menor produção de ácido acético em comparação aos bovinos (58,7 vs 61,6 mol/100 mol) e maior produção de ácido propiônico (27,4 vs 23,6 mol/100 mol). Não houve diferença na produção de ácido butírico entre búfalos (13,6 mol/100 mo...
-In order to study the effect of pH on defaunation in the rumen, four rumen fistulated steers were fed a basal roughage diet for a 4-week adaptation period followed by 17 weeks of feeding with three diets and two feeding levels of high concentrate diet. Rumen outflow fluid rate was evaluated in both ration levels. Rumen protozoa population was monitored weekly and when animals became defaunated, protozoa were reinoculated with rumen contents from one of the faunated steers.At every two weeks, during all the experimental period, rumen pH was measured in all animals at 0, 4, 8 and 12 h after feeding.It was observed an individual animal influence on the establishment and maintenance of the rumen ciliate protozoa population.In all sampling times, mean rumen pH values were higher in faunated steers than in the defaunated ones. No differences were observed in rumen outflow fluid rates between the two ration levels. Extended periods of low rumen pH are probably more detrimental to the survival of ciliate protozoa in the rumen than other factors.Key Words: cattle, ciliate protozoa, rumen microorganism, ruminal fauna Importância do pH na sobrevivência de protozoários no rúmen de bovinos RESUMO -Com o objetivo de estudar efeito do pH sobre a defaunação no rúmen, quatro novilhos fistulados no rúmen foram alimentados com uma dieta basal com volumoso por um período de quatro semanas, seguido de 17 semanas com três dietas e dois níveis de alimentação com dieta rica em concentrado. A taxa de passagem do líquido ruminal foi avaliada em ambos os níveis de ração. A população de protozoários do rúmen foi monitorada semanalmente e, quando os animais se tornavam defaunados, protozoários eram reinoculados com conteúdo ruminal de um dos bovinos faunados. A cada duas semanas, durante todo o período experimental, o pH ruminal foi medido em todos os animais às 0, 4, 8 e 12 horas após a alimentação. Foi observada influência individual do animal sobre o estabelecimento e a manutenção da população de protozoários ciliados no rúmen. Em todos os tempos de amostragem, as médias de valores de pH ruminal nos animais faunados foram maiores que nos animais defaunados. Não foram observadas diferenças no rúmen na taxa de passagem do líquido ruminal entre os dois níveis de ração.Longos períodos de baixo pH no rúmen provavelmente são mais prejudiciais para a sobrevivência dos protozoários ciliados no rúmen que outros fatores.Palavras-chave: bovinos, fauna ruminal, protozoários ciliados, microrganismos rúmen Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia
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