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Changes in physico-chemical qualities (pH, total acidity, total and reducing sugar, total phenolic and vitamin C), astringency compounds (condensed and hydrolysable tannin), antioxidant activities [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical] and flavor volatile compounds in -fermented cashew-apple-juice (CAJ) and 11.4 °Bx concentrated-cashew-apple-juice (CCAJ) was investigated. Total phenolics remained unchanged throughout fermentation period, whereas condensed tannins increased and hydrolysable tannins decreased indicating reduced astringency compounds. Antioxidant activity based on both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities marginally declined in some stages but overall were sustained during fermentation. Although the DPPH radical based antioxidant activity of fermented CAJ was greater than that of fermented 11.4 °Bx CCAJ, a higher ABTS radical scavenging activity was found in fermented 11.4 °Bx CCAJ, reflecting higher water soluble antioxidants. Results also indicated that DPPH radical scavenging activity was positively correlated to vitamin-C and condensed tannins but not hydrolysable tannins. ABTS radical scavenging activity was also positively correlated to condensed tannins and not hydrolysable tannins. The vitamin-C that increased during initial 12 h fermentation, decreased from 2516 to 2150 mg AAE/L at the end of 72 h fermentation. Fermented CAJ had a remarkable sweet aroma with a fruity note of two major compounds; 3-methyl-1-butanol (14.20 × 10) and 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol (14.76 × 10). The high phytochemicals and volatile compounds in fermented CAJ indicated that it could serve as a functional beverage with potential health benefits with reduced astringency due to lower hydrolysable tannins.

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The enzymatic-bromelain King Boletus mushroom protein hydrolysate (eb-KBM) was determined in terms of the biological properties (antioxidant, antihypertensive and cytotoxic activities) and compared with unhydrolysed or water-soluble King Boletus mushroom extract (ws-KBM). The eb-KBM showed high antioxidant activities, as assessed by ABTS (70.9%), DPPH (60.9%) assays and hydroxyl radicals (66.0%) scavenging method. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of eb-KBM was 21.1% at 1 mg protein mL −1 . Anticancer activity-relevant cytotoxicity of eb-KBM in ChaGo-K1 (undifferentiated lung carcinoma) and HEP-G2 (hepatocarcinoma) cells was higher than that of ws-KBM, with lower IC 50 values (6.43 and 6.35 µg mL −1 , respectively). The great biological activities of eb-KBM were related to its amino acid composition, with high contents of hydrophobic amino acids and aromatic amino acids. These results indicate that King Boletus mushroom protein hydrolysate or bioactive peptide could be used as natural antioxidative, ACE inhibitory and anticancer activities in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

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