Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded ginger extract were prepared by microemulsion technique. The nanoparticles were composed of stearic acid as solid lipids, Cremophor RH 40 as surfactant and ethanol as co-surfactant. It was found that variation in the amount of surfactant and co-surfactant had profound effects on the mean particle size, the drug entrapment efficiency and loading capacity. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed the spherical nature of the particles. The mean particle size of SLNs ranging between 453.1 and 551.7 nm were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading capacity (LC) determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) found to be in the range of 85.2390.07% and 1.411.49%, respectively.
The aim of the study was to enhance the stability of 6-gingerol, a major constituent in ginger extract, using nanoemulsion formulations. The effects of extraction techniques and solvents on the content of 6-gingerol in ginger powders were investigated. Assessments of three commonly used extraction techniques (maceration, sonication and soxhlet extraction) with two different extraction solvents (methanol and acetone) were used in this study. The highest of 6-gingerol content was obtained by using soxhlet extraction with acetone. Nanoemulsions were prepared from a mixture of oil phase (coconut oil and squalene), Cremophor® ELP, acetone and ginger extract by spontaneous emulsification method. Effect of coconut oil and squalene mass ratio on nanoemulsion formations were evaluated for the further optimization of the system, which characterized by droplet size, polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential and Oswald ripening. Stability studies at 4°C and ambient temperature for 3 months were performed. The formulation containing the mass of coconut oil to squalene ratio of 0.8:0.2 was stable and had the required droplet size (122.2+2.2 nm) in relation with PI of 0.18+0.07, zeta potential of -20.8+0.4 mV and Ostwald ripening of 0.11 nm.day-1. Negative-staining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to image the emulsion droplets. Stability test under heating-cooling cycle also performed on optimized nanoemulsion. Then, the sample was analysed for 6-gingerol content. The percentage of the remaining 6-gingerol of optimized nanoemulsion was 90.89. Hence, it was concluded that the stability of 6-gingerol could be enhanced by using nanoemulsion formulation.
The total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of five edible mushrooms (Pleurotus djamor, Agaricus bisporus, Hericlum erinaceus, Coprinus atramentraris and P. ostreatus) were evaluated. The Coprinus atramentraris ethanolic extract (CE) showed the promising antioxidant property and had a strong relationship with phenolic compound content. Liposome-containing CE formulations, were prepared with various lipid composition. The liposome formulation, L1, which composed of phospholipids and cholesterol at ratio of 6:4 gave the highest entrapment efficiency (24.03%), small particle size (143.03 nm) and favorable particle size distribution (0.311) with small values of zeta potential (-30.2 mV). L1 showed good anti-elastase property (IC50 0.029) and no cytotoxicity effect to the human skin fibroblasts and melanoma cells even at the highest concentration of 1 mg/mL compared to the unformulated extract. The in vitro skin permeation studies, using human cadaver skin and modified Franz-diffusion cells, showed that the L1 was able to considerably increase the rate of permeation of phenolic compounds in L1 compared to the CE solution. These results reflect the use of L1 as active agents in cosmeceuticals.
The microencapsulation of cajuput oil by spray drying was investigated with respect to the effects of two kinds of matrices (gum arabic and modified starch) as well as to the effects of initial concentrations of cajuput oil on its retention and stability. The results indicated that the oil retention depended on the type of encapsulating agent. Hicap100 showed higher oil retention of encapsulated cajuput oil. Further, the surface oil content of the Hicap100 powder was very low. The protective effect of microencapsulation of Hicap100 was also studied. The functional compound, 1,8-cineole, was released more slowly from the Hicap100 compared to gum arabic, especially at the level of 30% oil loaded.
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