The process of memorizing the Qur’an typically takes place through reading its printed version (mus’haf). The Qur’an is read word by word so that the process of recalling the memorized verses or chapters is done accurately and fluently. Memorizing the Qur’an may be a great challenge to non-Arabic speakers because of their lack of knowledge in the Arabic vocabulary and grammar; yet more and more non-Arabic speakers continue to memorize the Qur’an for various reasons. In order to scientifically investigate how non-Arabic speakers memorize the Qur’an, a reading experiment was conducted to achieve this aim. Sixty-four (21 Male, 43 Female) native speakers of Malay who have memorized a portion of the Qur’an (10 juzu’ and below) participated in this experiment. Using the Tobii TX300 eye-tracking machine, participants’ eye movements, as they read to memorize four verses of the Qur’an (two with and two without Malay translations), were tracked, and their gaze plots were analysed qualitatively (via heat maps and scan paths). Results show evidence that Malay non-Arabic speakers’ act of reading the Qur’an to memorize it went beyond what is usually known as “cramming”; instead, the process involved finding the meaning of unknown words, so that the process of recalling the memorized verses can be done accurately and fluently. Keywords: Cognitive processes, eye movements, memorization, psycholinguistics, Qur’an Cited as: Salehuddin, K., Shahimin, M. M., Sulaiman, M. Z., & Md Zolkapli, R. B. (2019). Heat maps and scan paths: Qualitative eye tracking evidence on how the Qur’an is memorized through reading. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 4(2), 318-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp318-334
Vocabulary plays a major role in concept formation, acculturation, articulation, and all aspects of learning. Unfortunately, although learners may have internalized complex vocabulary through formal learning, they may not have the ability to retrieve known words and concepts or have access to the right words, or lexical access, effectively. This study explores the lexical access patterns of second language speakers of English (ESL). Fifty students from the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, participated in this research. Twenty-five represented the more proficient ESL speakers whereas the other 25 represented the less proficient ESL speakers. Four pieces of paper, each with a high-frequency word (i.e., "man", "people", "time", "day") printed at the centre of the paper, were distributed to the participants as stimuli for them to create four sets of semantic maps. This paper thus presents a qualitative analysis of the semantic mapping of the word "man" and results show that English language proficiency does affect the way participants activate the words from their mental lexicon. The frequency of the words that were activated from the word "man" in the participants' environment also affects the mapping. The semantic maps produced by the participants reflect ESL speakers' pattern of lexical access, particularly in the manner the words are categorised in their mental lexicon. This study proposes that semantic mapping activity can be used to reflect and analyse ESL speakers' vocabulary development, as well as to reflect ESL speakers' weaknesses in accessing words and their thought patterns in the English language.
In the modern society today, women are now more progressive and hold a significant role in society due to their contributions. However, several studies have indicated that women are still being looked down upon in the workplace setting due to gender biasness. The paper analyses whether the patriarchal system prevalent in Malaysia had an impact on the language used by females. A semi-structured interview is conducted between fifteen female participants who have worked in a male-dominated industry for at least two years in Malaysia. The analysis is derived from two theoretical frameworks; Kendall and Tannen’s Genderlect Theory and Cameron’s Patriarchy and Sexism in a Language through thematic analysis. Findings revealed that most participants used rapport-talk when conversing with their female colleagues; however, they would turn to report-talk when conversing with their male colleagues to be taken seriously. Moreover, the findings also revealed that the participants share common themes, which are patriarchy, profession, position, and situations when conversing. This has shown that gendered language is still prevalent in the Malaysian workplace due to patriarchal influence which needs to be addressed.
This paper sought to explore the Aristotelian appeal of emotions (Pathos) based on the writers' emotive discursivity of writing through their rhetorical use of move structures in organising the content of their research abstract. It is referred to as the TPS move structure which represents the Territory (T), Problem (P), and Solution (S) moves. A total of 480 academic research abstracts (ARAs) of indexed journals from the outer circle of Malaysian Non-native English writers (MNNEWs) and the inner circle of Native English writers (MNNEWs). An NVivo12 software application was used in this study to analyse the frequency of the writers' different types of TPS move structures. It was found that both groups would prefer the non-linear TPS type (non-TPS) of move structures by organising their research ideas through PTS or TPTS structures. These non-TPS structures were discursive, non-linear, and repetitive which reflect the oriental way of writing in trying to appeal to the readers' emotional minds. Despite all writers' less usage of TPS structure in showing their linearity and directness, further analysis showed the Malaysian English writers would be more linear and direct than the native English writers. In doing so, Malaysian English writers would be more likely to omit the move related to the problem statement, demonstrating their less emphasis on the research gap. Further research could be conducted to explore the reasons for the writers' lack of Anglo-European direct writing style in academic research abstracts.
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