The synthesis of novel polyol was carried out by the reaction of epoxidized soy-bean oil (ESBO) throught ring opening reaction with vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA) bearing two functional groups, vinyl and phosphonic acid. The synthesized polyol (PolP) and 4,4´-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) were reacted to prepare biobased and inherently flame retardant polyurethane foam (PPPU). FTIR, 1 H, 13 C and 31 P NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the epoxy ring of ESBO was opened by phosphonic acid group of VPA, and vinyl group was not involved in the ring opening. The prepared polyurethane was characterized using fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR) and thermal properties were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). XRD was used for crystallografic structure and SEM image of polyurethane showed smooth surface. When compared to phosphorous-free polyurethanes derived from soybean oil based polyols, PPUP exibited better flame retardant property with a limiting oxygen value index of 26.4.
A SRY-negative XX male describes a female karyotype with testicular tissue resulting from abnormal gonadal development. In such cases male gonad formation takes place in the absence of a Y chromosome which supports the hypothesis that some other genes are also responsible for testicular development. The present case report describes a one-year-old dog brought to the hospital with a complaint of no oestrus cycle. Apparently normal masculine bitch had an enlarged clitoris with an os on radiograph. A gonado-hysterectomy was performed. Instead of ovarian structures both testicular masses were present and a normal complete bicornuate uterus with a normal cervix was observed. The histology of both gonads showed two testes, each with its ductus deferens and the uterus with typical histological structure. Cytogenetic evaluation of peripheral blood lymphocytes revealed a female with a normal karyotype (78, XX). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of genomic DNA showed that the SRY gene was absent.
The removal of Lanaset Red G, a kind of azo dye, has been studied with graphite electrodes in aqueous solution by electrochemical method. Graphite electrodes were used as anode and cathode in the decolourization process. Concentration of dye molecules in aqueous solution was determined by the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric technique. The operational parameters including initial pH, effect on the conductivity and time of electrolysis were optimized. The surface morphology of electrodes was also investigated and found that the surface of anode was affected by electrolysis. The results indicated that for a solution of 50 mg L−1 dye, almost 94% of dye was removed under optimum conditions. The optimized conditions were successfully applied to remove dye molecules present in real textile effluent and lake waters
Humic acids, which are known for their use in agricultural areas and are very popular in this field, have the potential to be used for all living things. These acids are yellow to black in color and are a component of the humic substances found in the humus of the soil. They are fully decomposed remains of organic life and natural matters obtained as a result of the microbial degradation of plants. Humic acid refers to a complex mixture of many different organic acids soluble in alkaline solutions. These acids, we encounter in a different area every day, are important in the beekeeping sector, as well. Even though Türkiye has met all the requirements of the beekeeping sector in terms of both climate and wealth of flora, it is known that honeybees’ health and quality and production of honey have fallen below the targeted levels. The major factor behind the low level of production and failing to keep bee colonies’ health is that beekeepers insist on sticking to conventional methods. The nutrition and health of individuals in bee colonies directly affect the quality and amount of honey they make. For this reason, humic acids can be regarded as an alternative product in order to maintain their nutrition and health. In this review, the causes of Varroa destructor infestations, the applied control methods and the applicability of humic acids were examined.
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