Abstract:The synthesis of novel polyol was carried out by the reaction of epoxidized soy-bean oil (ESBO) throught ring opening reaction with vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA) bearing two functional groups, vinyl and phosphonic acid. The synthesized polyol (PolP) and 4,4´-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) were reacted to prepare biobased and inherently flame retardant polyurethane foam (PPPU). FTIR, 1 H, 13 C and 31 P NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the epoxy ring of ESBO was opened by phosphonic acid group of VPA, and vi… Show more
“…A new band is observed in Figure 4(b) at 802 cm −1 Which corresponds to epoxy groups thus confirming the successful epoxidation to chaulmoogra oil. 47 Figure 5.FTIR spectrum of (a) chaulmoogra oil (CMO) (b) epoxidised chaulmoogra oil (c) polyol derived from CMO, (d) grape seed oil (GSO) (e) epoxidised grape seed oil (f) polyol derived from GSO. H 1 -NMR Analysis of Chaulmoogra oil and Chaulmoogra polyol.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A new band is observed in Figure 4(b) at 802 cm À1 Which corresponds to epoxy groups thus confirming the successful epoxidation to chaulmoogra oil. 47 FTIR spectra of the polyol derived from chaulmoogra oil (Figure 5(c)) shows a band at 3495 cm À1 corresponding to -OH (broad stretching) which indicates the formation of polyol from the epoxidised chaulmoogra oil. Disappearance of band at 2983 cm À1 corresponding to =CH group of double bonds of chaulmoogra oil and epoxidised chaulmoogra oil indicates it's conversion into hydroxyl groups.…”
Polyols from chaulmoogra seed oil and grape seed oil were prepared by epoxidation and ring opening of oxirane ring using lactic acid in nitrogen atmosphere with a control over their functionality. Nanocellulose was derived from Desmostachya Bipinnata grass leaves and further surface functionalized. Modified nanocellulose was used as filler to prepare porous flexible bio-based polyurethane nanocomposites via in-situ polymerization. Adsorption of malachite green (MG) dye from wastewater using the prepared polyurethane composites was carried out. The effect of varying factors such as weight percentage of filers (modified nanocellulose), dosage of the adsorbent, pH, temperature and time on the MG adsorption have been studied experimentally. Material characterization for prepared materials was carried out using FTIR, NMR, TGA, DSC, and SEM along with other physical and chemical methods. FTIR results indicated the presence of peaks at 1704 cm−1 for –C=O stretching vibrations from urethane groups, 1531 cm−1 for –NH bending, 1232 cm−1 for –C–N stretching and 1105 cm−1 for –C–O stretching in the urethane group (–NHCOO–) thus, indicating the formation of urethane linkage in the polyurethane. Polyols with functionality around 2.8 were obtained from the oils, which has contributed to forming flexible polyurethanes. Morphological studies indicate the nano fibrillation of cellulose and closed-cell porosity in polyurethane and its composites. The flexible porous PU and its nanocellulose composites displayed improved thermal stability from 256.3°C to 270.5°C. Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array have been applied for experimental design and optimization and the results were analyzed using ANOVA for raw and S/N ratio. It was found that pH is the most influential factor for adsorption lead by quantity of nanocellulose, time, dosage of the adsorbent and temperature.
“…A new band is observed in Figure 4(b) at 802 cm −1 Which corresponds to epoxy groups thus confirming the successful epoxidation to chaulmoogra oil. 47 Figure 5.FTIR spectrum of (a) chaulmoogra oil (CMO) (b) epoxidised chaulmoogra oil (c) polyol derived from CMO, (d) grape seed oil (GSO) (e) epoxidised grape seed oil (f) polyol derived from GSO. H 1 -NMR Analysis of Chaulmoogra oil and Chaulmoogra polyol.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A new band is observed in Figure 4(b) at 802 cm À1 Which corresponds to epoxy groups thus confirming the successful epoxidation to chaulmoogra oil. 47 FTIR spectra of the polyol derived from chaulmoogra oil (Figure 5(c)) shows a band at 3495 cm À1 corresponding to -OH (broad stretching) which indicates the formation of polyol from the epoxidised chaulmoogra oil. Disappearance of band at 2983 cm À1 corresponding to =CH group of double bonds of chaulmoogra oil and epoxidised chaulmoogra oil indicates it's conversion into hydroxyl groups.…”
Polyols from chaulmoogra seed oil and grape seed oil were prepared by epoxidation and ring opening of oxirane ring using lactic acid in nitrogen atmosphere with a control over their functionality. Nanocellulose was derived from Desmostachya Bipinnata grass leaves and further surface functionalized. Modified nanocellulose was used as filler to prepare porous flexible bio-based polyurethane nanocomposites via in-situ polymerization. Adsorption of malachite green (MG) dye from wastewater using the prepared polyurethane composites was carried out. The effect of varying factors such as weight percentage of filers (modified nanocellulose), dosage of the adsorbent, pH, temperature and time on the MG adsorption have been studied experimentally. Material characterization for prepared materials was carried out using FTIR, NMR, TGA, DSC, and SEM along with other physical and chemical methods. FTIR results indicated the presence of peaks at 1704 cm−1 for –C=O stretching vibrations from urethane groups, 1531 cm−1 for –NH bending, 1232 cm−1 for –C–N stretching and 1105 cm−1 for –C–O stretching in the urethane group (–NHCOO–) thus, indicating the formation of urethane linkage in the polyurethane. Polyols with functionality around 2.8 were obtained from the oils, which has contributed to forming flexible polyurethanes. Morphological studies indicate the nano fibrillation of cellulose and closed-cell porosity in polyurethane and its composites. The flexible porous PU and its nanocellulose composites displayed improved thermal stability from 256.3°C to 270.5°C. Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array have been applied for experimental design and optimization and the results were analyzed using ANOVA for raw and S/N ratio. It was found that pH is the most influential factor for adsorption lead by quantity of nanocellulose, time, dosage of the adsorbent and temperature.
“…Thus, according to the authors, the flame retardant acted in both gas and condensed phases. Özşeker et al [98] synthesized a novel bio-based polyol containing phosphorus through a ring-opening reaction of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) and vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA). The authors only reported the LOI test and mentioned that the LOI value of flame-retardant PU was 26.4.…”
Sustainable polymers are emerging fast and have received much more attention in recent years compared to petro-sourced polymers. However, they inherently have low-quality properties, such as poor mechanical properties, and inadequate performance, such as high flammability. In general, two methods have been considered to tackle such drawbacks: (i) reinforcement of sustainable polymers with additives; and (ii) modification of chemical structure by architectural manipulation so as to modify polymers for advanced applications. Development and management of bio-based polyurethanes with flame-retardant properties have been at the core of attention in recent years. Bio-based polyurethanes are currently prepared from renewable, bio-based sources such as vegetable oils. They are used in a wide range of applications including coatings and foams. However, they are highly flammable, and their further development is dependent on their flame retardancy. The aim of the present review is to investigate recent advances in the development of flame-retardant bio-based polyurethanes. Chemical structures of bio-based flame-retardant polyurethanes have been studied and explained from the point of view of flame retardancy. Moreover, various strategies for improving the flame retardancy of bio-based polyurethanes as well as reactive and additive flame-retardant solutions are discussed.
“…23 Similarly, vinyl phosphonic acid was used to synthesize soybean oil-based polyols, and the obtained polyurethane had an LOI value of 26.4%. 24 A biobased flame-retardant plasticizer was synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and 9,10-dihydro-9oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide for polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and the plasticized PVC achieved a high LOI value of 36.3%. 25 However, the developed VO polymers exhibit low biobased contents and are difficult to be recycled after the end of service due to the incorporation of FRs.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For instance, diethyl phosphate was used to react with epoxidized castor oil for preparing flame-retardant polyurethane foam with an LOI value of 24.3% . Similarly, vinyl phosphonic acid was used to synthesize soybean oil-based polyols, and the obtained polyurethane had an LOI value of 26.4% . A biobased flame-retardant plasticizer was synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide for polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and the plasticized PVC achieved a high LOI value of 36.3% .…”
The demands of safety and sustainability
have driven
the development
of intrinsic flame-retardant biobased polymers from renewable materials.
Herein, a mechanically robust, good flame-retardant, and recyclable
thermoset was developed from renewable epoxidized soybean oil (ESO)
by using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate (HEMAP) as the reactive
flame retardant and tannic acid (TA) as the charring agent. The flame
resistance of the obtained ESO-based thermoset achieved the highest
UL-94 of V-0 rating and a limited oxygen index value of 26.7% due
to the synergistic flame-retardant effect of phosphate and TA. The
flame-retardant mechanisms of the gaseous phase and condensed phase
were fully investigated by thermogravimetric infrared, scanning electron
microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy, and Raman spectra. It is confirmed that the incorporation
of phosphate and TA could effectively promote the formation of dense
carbon layers and delay the pyrolysis of long aliphatic chains. The
ternary crosslinking of ESO, HEMAP, and TA via free-radical polymerization
and epoxy-ring opening reaction resulted in a rigid network with a
high crosslink density, bestowing the thermoset with superior tensile
strength (20.0 MPa), flexural strength (36.3 MPa), and bonding strength
(16.7 MPa on steel). Moreover, the ESO-based thermoset exhibited a
fast stress relaxation behavior due to the transesterification of
dynamic β-hydroxyl phosphate esters, which enables the network
with thermal-healing ability and recyclability. This study explores
a feasible method to prepare an intrinsic flame-retardant polymer
from commercially available and renewable vegetable oils and natural
polyphenols.
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