This article aims to explain the reception of the ancient manuscript entitled Masa'il As-Samarqandi. The method used in this research is descriptive analytic with a litterary reception theory approach.  The results showed that the text of Masa'il As-Samarqandi in an explanatory text about the Islamic Aqidah originating from the Qur'an an Hadist.

This study is intended to analyze the persistence of African American stereotype in the contemporary slavery-themed novel authored by Valerie Martin, Property (2003). Valerie Martin is a white author, who seems to have changed the slavery discourse, but the stereotyping of African Americans is still there and built in a new form of stereotyping. Postcolonial analysis showed that the stereotyping of African Americansas ‘other’ existed in direct stereotyping and indirect stereotyping. Direct stereotyping is that the author directly uses the pejorative language and symbols in forming the African American character, meanwhile indirect stereotyping is the author using the shift of discourse that seemed worthy in describing the African American character, but in the same time it affirms the stereotype of the African American identity as inferior still exists, even in the so-called Post-racial era in the United States. Keywords: Representation, Stereotyping, Identity, Race, African American

Langston Hughes is a black American poet who strived to express the experiences of Black in the United States. One of his poem is Fredom Plow which utilized through lots symbols that refered to the problem of discrimination and the vision of American as a nation. This study is aimed to analyze the expression of Black American expression in Freedom’s Plow poem. This study used semiotics approach in analyzing research data by adopting model proposed by C.S Pierce. There are three types of signs based on the relationship between the sign and the signified, namely; Icons, Index, and symbols. Based on the semiotics frameworks, this study found that  Langston Hughes harneses the signs to express (1) preserverance of black to get freedom, (2) expossing the contradiction of American democracy, and (3) the expression of togetherness and unity

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