A single perovskite phase formation of polycrystalline samples of (Na0.52K0.44Li0.04) (Nb0.86-xTa0.1Sb0.04Mnx) (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) here by denoted as NKNLST and Mn doped NKNLST were prepared by mixed oxide method. The preliminary structural studies were carried out by x-ray diffraction technique showing the formation of single perovskite phase with orthorhombic symmetry for all compositions. Addition of Mn in NKNLST system lowered the sintering temperature by 75 °C. Detail study of impedance parameters shows the non-Debye temperature of relaxation phenomena in the system. This analysis enables us to separate grain and grain boundary contribution of the materials. Above the ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition temperature, the electrical conduction is governed by the thermal excitation of carriers from oxygen vacancies exhibiting Negative temperature coefficient (NTCR) behaviour.
Nerium odorum, Linn. (Apocynaceae) is an important evergreen shrub. It is heat, salinity and drought tolerant. Plants with milky sap have medicinal value, mainly cardenolides, flavonoids and terpenes. It is used for wastewater purification and for restoration of riparian woodlands. In view of these facts, the study was conducted for micropropagation of N. odorum. Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with different concentrations (0.5-10.0 mg/l) of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin (Kin) were used singly and in combinations. Among all the growth hormones, 2,4-D was the best for callus induction (75% in stem and 79% in leaf) and in combination 2,4-D and BAP (78% in stem and 81% in leaf). The day of callus induction started from the 19th to the 37th day. This variation is due to the differences in culture conditions and the age of explants. The fresh and dry weight and moisture content showed good growth of callus, which is used in further studies of alkaloid production. Micropropagation of this plant allows the production of clones at a fast rate and in continuous manner. This work can lead to the development of an efficient protocol for callus induction and other issues.
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