Ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse pith hydrolysate by thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces sp. IIPE453 was analyzed using response surface methodology. Variables such as Substrate Concentration, pH, fermentation time and Na2HPO4 concentration were found to influence ethanol production significantly. In a batch fermentation, optimization of key process variables resulted in maximum ethanol concentration of 17.44 g/L which was 88% of the theoretical with specific productivity of 0.36 g/L/h.
We modulate electron-hole separation at semiconductor junctions by stabilization of 'non-native' structures which are nanostructures whose discrete translational symmetry is different from that of the crystalline ground state. Four materials synthesis strategies involving click and colloidal chemistry are discussed and these methods can be potentially generalized to design a range of isomaterial and heteromaterial heterojunctions. The dynamics of electron-hole separation is demonstrated using density functional theory (DFT) which can be experimentally studied also using electrochemical impedance and photolumiscence spectroscopy.
High temperature ethanol fermentation from sugarcane molasses B using thermophilic Crabtree-positive yeast Kluyveromyces sp. IIPE453 was carried out in batch bioreactor system. Strain was found to have a maximum specific ethanol productivity of 0.688 g/g/h with 92 % theoretical ethanol yield. Aeration and initial sugar concentration were tuning parameters to regulate metabolic pathways of the strain for either cell mass or higher ethanol production during growth with an optimum sugar to cell ratio 33:1 requisite for fermentation. An assessment of ethanol recovery from fermentation broth via simulation study illustrated that distillation-based conventional recovery was significantly better in terms of energy efficiency and overall mass recovery in comparison to coupled solvent extraction-azeotropic distillation technique for the same.
Synthetic organic dyes are essential for satisfying the ever growing demand in terms of quality, variety, and speed of coloration of large number of substances. Because of the xenobiotic nature of dyes, they are toxicant to biological system and causes serious damage to environment. Ever-increasing concerns about color in the effluent lead to the worldwide efforts to build up effective procedure for color elimination. Biodegradation is gaining popularity to clean up hazardous waste because of the clear picture of the costs and the benefits of microbial degradation. Removal of dyes from waste water is reviewed with respect to biological decolorization. Promising techniques with reference to biological treatment of wastewater are immobilization of microorganisms on different supports. Immobilization increases the stabilities of the enzyme at high pH and tolerance to elevated temperatures and to make the enzyme less vulnerable to inhibitors. Generally the covalent bonds during immobilization enhance stabilities of enzymes due to the limitation of conformational changes.
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