Fibrolipoma is a benign tumor which is classified as a histological variant of conventional lipoma. It rarely occurs in oral and maxillofacial region. When present, it occurs as a soft, smooth surfaced nodular mass that can be pedunculated or sessile. Most of the lesions are less than 3 cm in size, although it may vary. Fibrolipomas mostly affect buccal mucosa and buccal vestibule and cause functional and cosmetic disabilities. Herniation of buccal pad of fat caused by trauma may also mimic lipoma. Hence, accurate histopathological examination of lipomas is important for a correct treatment plan. Here, we present 2 cases of oral fibrolipoma that presented on the retromolar triangle area and alveolar ridge in relation to missing maxillary right first molar.

Background:Sexual identification of immature skeletal remains is still a difficult problem to solve in forensic anthropology. In such situations, the odontometric features of the teeth can be of immense help. Teeth, being the hardest and chemically the most stable tissue in the body, are an excellent material in living and nonliving populations for anthropological, genetic, odontologic, and forensic investigations. Using tooth size standards, whenever it is possible to predict the sex, identification is made easier because then only missing persons of one sex need to be considered.Aim:To determine sex from the odontometric data using maxillary canine index and maxillary first molar dimensions and to determine which index gives higher accuracy rate for sex determination using only maxillary cast.Materials and Methods:In a sample size of 200 population (100 male and 100 female), alginate impression was taken of maxillary arch and poured with dental stone. Using Vernier caliper, the dimension of maxillary first molar (buccolingual [BL] and mesiodistal [MD]), canine (MD), and intercanine distance was measured on the cast. The obtained data were analyzed using discriminant statistical analysis.Result and Conclusion:This study concludes that BL dimension of maxillary first molar is a more reliable indicator for gender determination than other molar and canine dimensions in maxilla.

Cutaneous horns (cornu cutaneum) are uncommon lesions consisting of keratotic material resembling that of an animal horn. It is a conical- or cylindrical-shaped excessive hyperkeratosis of variable size ranging from few millimeters to several centimeters with a variable in size and shape, such as cylindrical, conical, pointed, transversely or longitudinally corrugated, or curved like a ram's horn. The lesions typically occur in sun-exposed areas, particularly the face, ear, nose, forearms and dorsum of hands. Even though 60% of the cutaneous horns are benign in nature, the possibility of skin cancer should always be kept in mind. The clinical diagnosis includes various benign and malignant lesions at its base. Lesions associated with cutaneous horn are keratosis, sebaceous molluscum, verruca, trichilemmal, Bowen's disease, epidermoid carcinoma, malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. Herewith, we report a case of cutaneous horn on the upper lip vermillion masking the underlying malignancy at its base.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), the most commonly encountered potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesion, is a chronic disorder associated with areca nut chewing. It has a relatively high potential for malignant transformation resulting into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common oral malignancy with high mortality rate. Paymaster first described the malignant potential of OSMF in 1956, the rate of which had been estimated to be 7–13%. The pathogenesis of OSMF in itself is quite varied, and hence, its transformation to malignancy is also open to many varied mechanisms. The early diagnosis and sequentially, early treatment of OSMF is desirable so that the progression towards malignancy can be controlled. There are various theories that have been put forward explaining the probable pathway of malignant transformation of OSMF such as hypoxia, areca nut as a carcinogen or epithelial–mesenchymal transitions. Many recent molecular advances have also highlighted few biomarkers and genes that play a pivotal role in transformation of OSMF to OSCC. The purpose of this systematic review is to discuss all the possible mechanisms of malignant transformation of OSMF. Further research is still needed to establish the exact mechanism responsible for transformation of OSMF to OSCC and to reduce the mortality by newer interventions.

Background Age estimation has been an integral part of forensic science, and age estimation by dental means is by far the most commonly employed method. Dental age estimation in children is more accurate and straightforward as most methods use the chronological stages of odontogenesis that are highly systematic, reducing the chances of dispersed results. In contrast, estimation of age in adults becomes tricky and less accurate with varied approaches since tooth formation is already complete. Main body The methods of adult dental age estimation have come a long way from a calculated guess based on crude visual observation of teeth to radiological methods and to more recent sophisticated methods. Technological advances have opened up molecular and genetic methods by utilizing DNA methylation and telomere length to improve the accuracy of age estimation by reducing error chances. Conclusions Although dental age estimation methods in children and adolescents have been extensively reviewed, various adult age estimation methods are not reviewed as a whole. The aim of this review is to appraise the evolution of dental age estimation methods in adults over the years from mere visualization of dental attrition to employing more sophisticated means such as radioactive carbon dating and genetics. This comprehensive review also attempts to add an account of the accuracy and suitability of various adult dental age estimation methods.

The high percentage of "+-"shaped groove pattern and low percentage of primitive "y-"shaped pattern in our study shows a tremendous evolutionary trend persisting in this population. The analysis of dental morphological traits is crucial in anthropological research as it can provide data on the phylogenetic relationship between species, as well as variations and diversities within a population.

A 55-year-old male patient was referred to the Department of Oral Pathology, Manubhai Patel Dental College and Hospital and Oral Research Institute, Vadodara, Gujarat, India with a chief complaint of painless growth in the mandibular anterior gingival region since four months. Patient's medical and dental history was noncontributory. Intraoral examination showed an ovoid pigmented growth on the labial gingiva of mandibular anterior region, soft in consistency, grayish black in colour, measuring about 2.6 X 1.7 X 0.8cm. It was sessile, lobulated extending superiorly to the middle third of mandibular central incisors, inferiorly upto the labial vestibule, covering the labial mucosa and extending upto the buccal mucosa in right third molar region. The growth extended to the lingual aspect of mandibular anterior gingival region which was grayish black in colour, soft in consistency measuring about 4.1 X 1.7 X 1.2 cm extending from distal aspect of left mandibular lateral incisor to distal aspect of right lesion was seen covering the mandibular first premolar. The pigmented lesion was seen covering the mandibular marginal gingiva both buccally and lingually and buccal vestibule of the right side extending till the retromolar area [ H&E stained sections of incisional biopsy specimen showed nodular mass of malignant melanocytes invading into the connective tissue. The malignant cells were atypical, hyperchromatic, spindle shaped cells with vesicular, hyperchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Few mitotic figures were also seen. The cells contained fine melanin granules that appeared brownish in colour. These cells were distributed into sheets and groups in the juxta-epithelial region and mucosa. The overlying epithelium was stratified squamous and showed dysplastic features such as hyperchromatism and loss of polarity 7]. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to confirm the origin of the malignant cells. HMB 45, which is the preferred marker for melanocytes, was used and the cells showed high positivity for HMB 45 marker thus confirming diagnosis of melanoma [Table/ Fig-8].Based on the histopathological features and immunohistochemistry, a confirmatory diagnosis of invasive nodular malignant melanoma was given. DisCussionMelanoma constitutes only 3%-5 % of all cutaneous malignancies, and accounts for most skin cancer related deaths (77%) [1]. Oral melanoma is aggressive neoplasm which accounts for less than 0.5% of all melanomas commonly affecting palate and maxillary gingiva whereas mandible, tongue, buccal mucosa and upper and lower lip are less frequently affected [2,3]. Our patient is one of those rare case with the lesion occurring in the mandibular gingiva. It occurs in adults between 55 and 65 years of age and exhibits a male predilection. In our case also the age and gender of the patient was in accordance with the above mentioned findings [4]. Although there is no racial predilection, Afro-Americans and Asians are more commonly affected than Caucasians [5]. The aetiology of oral malignant melanoma is u...

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