Diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused due to an absolute lack of insulin or due to insulin resistance & impaired insulin secretion..It is a major medical problem throughout the world. In India it is estimated that there are 37.77 million diabetics and will contribute to 57 million diabetics by the year 2025 (1).. It is the leading cause of blindness between ages 20 & 74 in US (2). Diabetes can affect nearly every part of ocular anatomy. Ophthalmic complications of diabetes include diabetic retinopathy, delayed corneal healing, glaucoma, poor pupillary dilation, corneal nerve palsies etc. Diabetes retinopathy is the most common and potentially most blinding of the complications and remains the number one cause of new blindness in most industrialized countries (3,4).The researchers report that the prevalence of any diabetic retinopathy is 34.60%. The prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy is 6.96%, diabetic macular edema is 6.81%, and vision threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR) is 10.20%(5). Prevalence of blindness due to DR has been estimated to be 5% and may be as high as 8%. Among the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy, the duration of diabetes is probably the strongest predictor for development and progression of retinopathy (6). The other risk factors include poor glycemic control, nephropathy, pregnancy, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and anemia. The protective effect of glycemic control has been confirmed by The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) (7) and The U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) (8). Dyslipidemia is a known risk factor for diabetic renal disease, but the effect of serum lipids on diabetic retinopathy and macular edema is still under investigation (9-11).
The study aimed to explore the factors contributing to the COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in the Punjab. The study was conducted in South Punjab by selecting 450 respondents who were approached using simple random sampling and interviewed using face to face interview schedule. The study explored that the percentage of vaccinated males is higher than females. It was also found that most of the respondents disagreed with COVID-19 hesitancy statements. The analysis revealed that vaccinated respondents have medium level hesitancy and their main source of information about the pandemic was newspapers. However, the respondents who are not vaccinated have prominent level of vaccination hesitancy and their main source of information about the pandemic is television/news. The study suggested an extended and rigorous campaign on national level television to reduce the impact of the unconfirmed information about COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19, Vaccination, Pandemic, Hesitancy
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