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Positive association of its local levels with those in serum further implicates the possibility of widespread systemic effects of this infection.

Aim: Extraction site reconstruction is essential for alveolar ridge preservation, keeping in mind future placement of implants. In an attempt to preserve the alveolar bone and to avoid ridge augmentation prior to implant placement, numerous biocompatible regenerative materials have been used immediately following tooth extraction to fill the socket.Methodology: This article is a pilot trial presenting early trends of the comparative use of two forms of calcium sulfate, i.e. medical grade (Dentogen) ® and nano-crystalline (Nanogen) ® as bone graft materials in immediate extraction sockets of three cases, based on histological and radiological assessments.Results: At the end of 4 months following grafting, the extraction sites in all the three cases revealed no significant difference between the two materials. Radiographic assessment revealed an almost complete graft resorption and replacement with spongy bone with bone density comparable to the surrounding bone. Histopathological assessment revealed that 100% of the bone was vital with 52% trabecular bone and 48% bone marrow. Conclusion:Calcium sulfate both medical grade and nanocrystalline form hold a valid premise for use as regenerative materials in extraction sockets with no significant differences seen between them in this pilot trial.

The concept of immediate pontic placement is surely a viable treatment option and promises an excellent transient esthetic solution for a lost tooth as well as enables good preparation of the extraction site for future prosthetic replacement.

Objectives: Gingival enlargement as an adverse effects of drugs has been found to be long associated with the use of anticonvulsants; phenytoin, anti-hypertensives; calcium channel blockers and immunosuppressants; cyclosporine. Nifedepine was found to cause gingival overgrowth with an incidence ranging from 15-85%. However, Amlodepine a relatively newer agent of the same group which is being routinely and vastly prescribed either alone or as part of combination therapy to middle to older aged adults has also been found to exhibit this adverse effect with very few cases reported till date. The effect of the dose of amlodepine on the severity of gingival enlargement needs to be assessed. Study design: A clinical presentation of a series of five cases in the age range of 45-65 yrs with gingival over-growth as a side effect of therapy with amlodepine is presented with prescription of variable doses of 2.5 mg, 5 mg and 10 mg per day. A brief review on the pathogenesis of this condition, commonly associated etiological mechanisms and sequence of periodontal therapy rendered have also been included. Conclusion: Irrespective of the dose of amlodepine administered, gingival enlargement continues to be a predominant side effect in all of the five cases presented. The accentuated gingival contours accumulate plaque leading further to the destruction of the underlying periodontium. Dental professionals need to identify and then guide the patient to seek necessary medical intervention.

The flow of alumina-water nanofluid across heated circular tubes arranged in inline and staggered arrays in a heat exchanger has been studied. The thermophysical properties of the nanofluid are determined using Corcione correlations, which are based on several experiments. The nanoparticle diameter dp is between 10 and 50 nm, with particle volume fraction ϕ varying from 0.01 to 0.05 and Reynolds number Re ranging from 10 to 200. Heat transfer augmentation takes place when nanoparticle concentration is increased. Mean Nusselt number NuM is increased by 31% when ϕ is increased from 0.01 to 0.05 at Re = 200 and dp = 10 nm in an inline array and by 25% in a staggered array. The use of smaller nanoparticles significantly promotes the thermal performance of the heat exchange arrays; NuM is enhanced by 20% for the inline array and by 16% for the staggering array when dp decreases from 50 nm to 10 nm at Re = 200 and ϕ = 0.05. NuM of the staggering array of cylinders at Re = 200, dp = 10 nm and ϕ = 0.05 is 60% greater than NuM of an inline array of cylinders. Finally, correlations are derived for the calculation of NuM of inline as well as staggered arrays.

The positive correlation observed suggests this pathway as one of the mechanisms that may lead to increasing severity of periodontal disease and its systemic effects. Further research efforts should be made in designing appropriate clinical trials, starting at an early stage and monitoring the potential benefits of maintenance of oral hygiene on cardiovascular health.