The present study investigated the hard palate of Rahmani sheep (Ovis aries). Samples from nine healthy adult male sheep were investigated using morphometrical, histological and scanning electron microscopic examination. Morphologically, the hard palate was elongated, narrow rostrally, and wide caudally. The incisive papilla was heart-shaped, flanked on both sides by a groove on which the nasopalatine duct opened. The palatine raphe was in the form of a groove that contained a ridge caudally. On both sides of the raphe, 13-15 pairs of palatine ridges were present and mainly occupying the narrow part. The wide part had a rough part that contains few ridges rostrally and a smooth part caudally. Histologically, the incisive papilla and palatine ridges were lined by a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on a dense layer of lamina propria. The incisive papilla characterized by the presence of seromucoid salivary glands and hyaline cartilage fragments in the lamina propria. The salivary glands became abundant and well-developed in the wide part till the end of hard palate. All palatine salivary glands were Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff positive.By scanning electron microscopy, numerous gland openings were scattered on the surface of the palatine ridges. In conclusion, the hard palate of Rahmani sheep presented characteristic features, which may be related to the species differences, feeding behavior, and possible functional adaptations. This is the first study to report the presence of cartilaginous segments and salivary glands in the incisive papilla and provide detailed descriptions of the Rahmani sheep hard palate.
The aim was to examine the expression of tight junction proteins, namely claudins 1 and 5 (CLD1 and 5) and the effects of probiotics-feeding on their expression in the gastrointestinal tract. In experiment 1, the expression of CLD1 and 5 was examined in chicks fed with starter rations for 7 days post-hatching. At day 7 the proventriculus, ileum, cecum and colon were collected for RT-PCR analysis of CLD1 and 5 gene expression. In experiment 2, the chicks were arranged in 3 groups: control group, probiotics group I and probiotics group II, which were fed with starter rations containing 0, 0.2 or 0.4% probiotics, respectively, for 14 days. The proventriculus, ileum, cecum and colon were collected in all groups at D0, D7 and D14 for analysis of CLD1 and 5 expressions by real time PCR. The expressions of CLD1 and 5 were detectable in all segments. Probiotics-feeding did not affect the expression of the CLD1 at D7 and D14 in the proventriculus, ileum and cecum. However, in the colon the expression of CLD1 was higher in probiotic group I than control and probiotics group II. The expression of CLD5 did not show significant differences except in the colon at D7 where control group was higher than that of D0 and D14 and higher in probiotic group I than probiotics group II. These results suggest that probiotics-feeding may not have effects on the gene expressions of CLD1 and 5 in the proventriculus, ileum and cecum. In contrast, probiotics-feeding may enhance the expression of CLD1 in the colon of broiler chicks. This result suggest that probiotics-feeding enhanced the expression of CLD1 in the colon and may help in maintaining tight junction functions and reducing the risk by pathogenic invasions.
Vaccination is the most effective mean of preventing, controlling, and even eradicating infectious diseases. Poultry are vaccinated through various routes including eye/nose drops, drinking water, vent brush, or injections. The prolonged suppression effect of maternal antibodies on humoral immune response of newly hatched chicks to active immunization has been reported, while the effect of vaccination route on this suppression still unclear. Laying hens were immunized with dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH). Purified maternal anti-DNP or non-specific IgY antibodies were transferred by yolk sac inoculation to newly hatched chicks (chicks of maternal and no-maternal antibodies), and they were immunized with DNP-KLH via intrabursal route at 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) and with 1 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally at 1 and 4 weeks of age. Concentration of anti-DNP antibodies in serum samples of these chicks was measured by using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The immune response to intrabursal immunization was higher in chicks of no-maternal antibodies than that of chicks of maternal antibodies at 5 weeks of age. Intrabursal immunization showed higher response than intraperitoneal one at the same dose. These results confirmed that the immune suppressive effect of maternal antibodies on the immune response of the newly hatched chicks was antigen specific and depends on the ratio of antigen/maternal antibody at the time of immunization. Furthermore, intrabursal vaccination showed promising results than intraperitoneal vaccination at the same dose.
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